The Myth Of The Apollo 11 Land On The Moon And Hearing...

It has been forty-seven years since families across America were in awe watching the Apollo 11 land on the moon and hearing Neil Armstrong famously say â€Å"That s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind†. It has also been forty-seven years of people doubting the legitimacy of this footage. The theorists versus the realists is a never ending debate over whether this was a staged government hoax or if America actually made it to space. With hundreds of theories circulating involving Stanley Kubrick, Area 51, and the validity of a wrinkle in a flag.Was America really that eager to beat the Soviets and win the Space Race or did we just hit the jackpot in scientific discovery? During John F. Kennedy’s time as president he vowed to get to the moon before the end of the decade. Even though he did not live to see it, those next ten years there was a sprint between American and the Soviet Union to see who could get to the moon first. The space race â€Å"showed the world which country had the best science, technology, and economic system† (Ducksters). America failed many times but we finally made it in 1969. Or did we? Post World War II America was very sensitive about their reputation and had lots of confidence being one of the top countries in the world. Americans could not handle the pressure of losing. So Americans did what they do best. Fake it. When this race began â€Å"NASA’s budget was increased almost 500 percent, and the lunar landing program eventually involved some

Shell Case Study - 838 Words

The Case Study on â€Å"Organizational change at Royal Dutch/Shell† This case study on â€Å"Organizational Change at Royal Dutch/Shell† deals with the organizational change that the world’s largest non-state-owned oil company made to respond its operating environmental changes in 1990s (Hill, C 2005, pp. 476-477) While there are a few different structures of global organizations such as worldwide area structure, worldwide product divisional structure and global matrix structure, the Anglo-Dutch company Royal Dutch/Shell (hereinafter Shell) decided to be structured with a matrix structure from the 1950s until 1994. Under the matrix structure, the head of each operating company reported to two bosses; one boss was responsible for the†¦show more content†¦While the oil price plummeted in the winter of 1986 when the price fell from $31 per barrel to $10, Shell managed its budget by half: the company had to work much harder to develop new projects more cheaply. As a result, Shell could make huge improvements in drilling techniques such as slim-hole drilling and directional drilling. The use of 3D seismic became widespread. (from Shell’s official homepage; 1980s to the new millennium). All of these activities worked well under the matrix structure of Shell until the end of 1980s. There was a huge environmental change in 1990. It’s the Gulf War. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, partly prompted by the low price of oil, led to uncertainty about production and prices spiked. Iraq wanted to gain control of the worlds third largest oil producer to give it more control over the world market. Following the Gulf war to liberate Kuwait, crude oil prices entered a period of steady decline, reaching their lowest level in 1994 for 21 years (BBC, Why the oil price keeps rising, June 2008). As the oil prices declined, naturally there was pressure on Shell’s profit margins. Although it had traditionally been among the most profitable oil companies in the world, its relative performance began to slip in the early 1990s as its competitors adapted rapidly to the environment changes. As a result, this suggested that the Shell senior management team review its strategy and the fit between strategy andShow MoreRelatedCase Study : A Nut- Shell Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesnut- shell, this case study tell us about a big project which faced so many problems within one year of project execution. The completion of this project was 3 years with a large budget of $50M. But due to problems the CHEMICS insurance company decided to update all their processes and systems. This project effect all the departments within the company.So a management team with hired consultants and some members of insurance company was formed.Moreover there was no project manager for this case studyRead MoreCase Study : Royal Dutch Shell1003 Words   |  5 PagesOxfam Intermon. 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Principles of Pediatric Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Pediatric Nursing. Answer: Introduction: Appendicitis is one of the most common disorder, which needs emergency surgery before the development of any complications. Instead of the fact that in most patients the symptoms of acute appendicitis is easily diagnosed, but in some cases, some variable signs are seen, where the clinical diagnosis is difficult in initial stage, which promote ignorance of the condition and thereby leading to a severe condition of the disorder (Schietroma et al., 2012). In the current case study, the focus is an 8-year old boy mark, who has gone through a severe case of appendicitis, where the infection perforated the peritoneal cavity, causing peritonitis. In this essay the pathophysiology of appendicitis will be discussed. In addition to this the nursing care based on developmental theories, family-centered care and effect of hospitalization will be highlighted based on this case. The case study is focused upon the 8 years old boy, Mark, who was experiencing right iliac fossa pain and admitted to the emergency department of a local hospital. Upon assessing his symptoms, physicians suspected the onset of appendicitis. After confirming the situation, the emergency department doctors took him to the theater for an appendectomy. The surgical team identified a gangrenous perforated appendix with peritonitis. It is a severe infection in appendix. Peritonitis is characterized as the inflammation of serosal membrane lining the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum is a sterile environment, but the pathogenic microorganisms or their toxic products can cause intra-abdominal sepsis, which causes the inflammation of peritoneum (Brker et al., 2012). The pathophysiology of peritonitis is related to the intra-abdominal sepsis from a perforated viscus, which is caused from direct spillage of lumina contents in the peritoneum. The bacterial inoculation in the sterial area is relate d to the inflammation and infection of appendix. The perforated appendix is caused by the obstruction of the appendiceal lumen due to insisted stool, lymphoid hyperplasia or the infection caused by microorganism. However, considering the correlation within the appendicitis and distribution of lymphoid tissue, the obstruction of the lumen can be highlighted as a common cause (Chen et al., 2012). The bacterial overgrowth in the lumen is influenced by the obstruction of lumen, which further leads to the distention of lumen with increased intraluminal pressure. It then leads to venous obstruction. All of these processes lead to bacterial overgrowth, acute inflammation and edema (Markar et al., 2012). As a result of these, the appendix becomes ischemic and edematous, which further promotes the necrosis of appendiceal wall along with the invasion of bacteria through the ischemic wall, causing a gangrenous appendicitis. In the case of Mark, this condition was not recognized and neglected. As a result, the gangrenous appendix perforated into the sterile peritoneal cavity with spillage of appendiceal residue, causing peritoneal infection. In Marks case, this sequence of events occurred slowly and the appendix contained by the inflammatory response and omentum, which further led to localized peritonitis and appendiceal abcess (Schietroma et al., 2012). Finally, the progress in this condition causes sepsis and diffuse peritonitis. In this condition, the bacterial overgrowth is generally promoted by a range of facultative aerobic bacteria, which are involved in other colonic disorders (Chen et al., 2012). As the bacterial pathogens, which have grown in the appendics wall are perforated through the peritoneal cavity, the same bacterial culture could be isolated from both the gangrenous appendicitis and infected peritoneal cavity. According to the case study, Mark was initially suspected with appendicitis and was suggested for an appendectomy. The result of the post surgery states that the boy was suffering from gangrenous perforated appendix with peritonitis. He was under few medications after the operation and other treatments associated with his complications (Ball et al., 2012). Due the severe infection he was retained in the hospital for 10 days under the nursing care. Nursing is a noble job. The status of a nurse in pursuing her professional practices states the value a community places on the nursing job. The values, ethics and beliefs related to the profession are an integral part o0f the professional education practice. According to Perry et al. (2014), perforation of appendix is a major complication that can lead to peritonitis. Therefore, proper nursing intervention is important in order to reduce the severity of Marks condition. The main priorities of the nurse in such a condition are prevention of complications, promote comfort, and give the details of the information related to the surgical procedure, treatment requirements and the complications associated with this condition (Butcher et al., 2013). In this case the nursing management will involve relieving goal, anxiety reduction, controlling and prevention of the fluid volume deficit, elimination of the infection caused by the disruption in the GI tract and attaining most favorable nutrition. The various theories of development provide a structural framework in order to think about the growth, development and learning. As discussed by Barnes Rowe (2013), the developmental theories give a base to understand the set of guiding concepts and principles which explains the human development. The understandings of theories are very important since the nursing practice is directly responsible for assuring physical, cognitive and moral development in the patients. Every child passes through certain predictable stages of development as they move towards adulthood. There are various theories based on the development of human beings. Piaget termed the stage of the school going children as concrete operational stage. Depending on the age it can be concluded that Mark, belongs to this stage. According to Piaget, the school age children are capable of identifying concrete solutions to any complications or problems and thus, they can discover the impact of such complications on relationships (Haley Stott, 2013). In regards to the case of Mark, he was able to identify his problems and the sympathetic approach towards him after the surgery. Due to his severe infection and surgery he experienced chronic pain. As a nurse one should therefore be aware of the age before initiation with the nursing intervention. As a pediatric nurse, she should understand the thought process of Mark and the emotional disturbance caused due to his condition. In response to this stimulation activities which are meaningful and appropriate should be designed. Presence of the parents for an eight years old child is more important that experiencing of strangers should be prioritized. The duty of a pediatric nurse is not only to monitor Marks clinical outcomes, medication, preventions of spreading of infection due to nosocomial infection, providing proper diet, but also to make certain explain them the details of their treatment, provide them with story books, offering of manipulative toys and show sympathy and care in order to promote his cognitive health ("Child, adolescent and family nursing (Book, 2012) [WorldCat.org]", 2016). Another theory, related to human growth and development is Kohlbergs theory of moral development. According to this theory, a school age child enters into the conventional development stage (Hockenberry Wilson, 2014). One of the most striking characteristics of children of this age is that these children have trouble related to self-care measures when they are away from the guidance of either their parents or nurse. Therefore, as a nurse it is very important to take proper decision based on the need of the child. Evidences reflect the fact that a moral and positive moral can speed up the curing process. Therefore it becomes necessary for the pediatric nurse to take proper and situational decision related Marks treatment process. In addition to this she should also keep in mind to integrate the child in the decision making process to boost up his moral. There are two determinants that can aid in identifying the pattern of an individuals development. The two determinants are nature and nurture. According to Johnson (2013), nurses can relate the concept of self-efficacy in teaching children and his families. Plan a teaching project for these children to foster healthy life style. In terms of the sick children their needs may cause the parents to withdraw them from the social world in order to focus on child care. The member of the multidisciplinary team especially nurses can help promoting family resilience. Family centered approach aids in offering mental, emotional and practical support to the parents adapting to the childs illness. In case of Mark, such an approach can provide help to support his family members (Banazadeh et al., 2015). As a key member of the multidisciplinary team caring for Mark with appendectomy operation and peritonitis and his family, the nurse can develop a therapeutic, long-standing relationship in the next 10 days of the childs stay in the hospital. The family-centered approach will involve parents in caring through information and providing education to combat with the stress and anxiety associated with their childs condition. Therefore, the pediatric nurses should possess extensive communication, teaching and management skills. The healthcare professionals involved in the caring for the child and family should adapt a holistic approach of treatment during the stay in the hospital, in order to assure proper care provided to the child. According to Bowlby, hospitalization can cause mental scars on children significantly due to the separation of the child from his or her parents. Studies and evidences confirmed the advantages of admitting the parents in the children ward (Alavi et al., 2015). The outcome of the studies reflects positive results on the distress level. Moreover, hospitalization is associated with psychological and emotional distress due to the routine procedure for the child as well as the parents. In this case study, Mark is not adapted to the routine treatment procedure and the clinical environment. Therefore, it is important for a pediatric nurse to understand the emotional stress of the child and his parents and educate them to cope up with the clinical settings. Moreover, in order to preser ve and help Mark to adapt with his physical and environmental change, it is necessary for the nurse to show friendly gestures, sympathy and empathy during the treatment procedure (Banazadeh et al., 2015). Appendicitis is one of the common disorders if diagnosed in the initial stage, can be treated but if the condition is not treated in the initial stages can lead to complications such as Mark, who suffered from appendicitis and during his operation gangrenous perforated appendix with peritonitis was observed. In such a condition a childs physical, mental and cognitive development are hampered. Therefore, a pediatric nurse should be aware of the effect of hospitalization on the child and his family. Depending upon several developmental theories, care should be given to the child for improving his health condition. Reference List: Alavi, A., Bahrami, M., Zarghamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Boroujeni, A., Yousefy, A. (2015). Characteristics of caring selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ efficacy in pediatric nurses: A qualitative study.Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing,20(3), 157-164. Ball, J. W., Bindler, R. M., Cowen, K. J. (2012).Principles of pediatric nursing: Caring for children. Pearson. Banazadeh, M., Azizzadeh Foroozy, M., Iranmanesh, S. (2015). Assessment of Barriers in providing end of life care to terminally ill pediatric patients from the perspective of nursing staff.Journal of Pediatric Nursing,1(2), 74-85. Barnes, M., Rowe, J. (2013).Child, youth and family health: Strengthening communities. Elsevier Health Sciences. Brker, M. E., van Lieshout, E. M., van der Elst, M., Stassen, L. P., Schepers, T. (2012). Discriminating between simple and perforated appendicitis. Journal of Surgical Research, 176(1), 79-83. Butcher, H. K., Bulechek, G. M., Dochterman, J. M. M., Wagner, C. (2013).Nursing interventions classification (NIC). Elsevier Health Sciences. Chen, C. Y., Chen, Y. C., Pu, H. N., Tsai, C. H., Chen, W. T., Lin, C. H. (2012). Bacteriology of acute appendicitis and its implication for the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Surgical infections, 13(6), 383-390. Child, adolescent and family nursing (Book, 2012) [WorldCat.org]. (2016).Worldcat.org. Retrieved 11 September 2016, from https://www.worldcat.org/title/child-adolescent-and-family-nursing/oclc/776539269 Haley, C., Stott, A. (Eds.). (2013).Pillitteri's Child and Family Health Nursing in Australia and New Zealand. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D. (2014).Wong's nursing care of infants and children. Elsevier Health Sciences. Johnson, R. L. (2013). Nursing Care of the Child with Hematologic Disorders. Markar, S. R., Blackburn, S., Cobb, R., Karthikesalingam, A., Evans, J., Kinross, J., Faiz, O. (2012). Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis in children. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 16(10), 1993-2004. Perry, S. E., Hockenberry, M. J., Lowdermilk, D. L., Wilson, D. (2014).Maternal child nursing care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Schietroma, M., Piccione, F., Carlei, F., Clementi, M., Bianchi, Z., Vita, F. D., Amicucci, G. (2012). Peritonitis from perforated appendicitis: stress response after laparoscopic or open treatment. The American Surgeon, 78(5), 582-590.

Lab report water Sample

Lab report water Paper If the amylase only partly digests the starch, what would you expect to happen? If the amylase only partly digests the starch, I would expect to see a faint color change as well as a small presence of glucose inside the intestine. If the amylase fails to digest the starch, what results would you expect? If the amylase fails to digest the starch, I would expect the solution inside the intestine (Dialysis tubing) to change color to blue-black due to the chemical action that will occur when the Logos regent (kill) permeates through the intestine (Dialysis tubing). Why is it necessary to have a control for this experiment? By having a control in this experiment, we can see the changes with the presence of amylase. Logos regent (kill) changes color in the presence of starch, which is the control group that we have setup that demonstrates what would happen naturally, with starch and Logos regent (kill). The control group will have a distinct comparison available for us. As amylase, an enzyme that catalysts the reawaken of the starch into glucose, which will have no reaction with Logos regent (kill) as well as no color change. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report water specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report water specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report water specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Were starch molecules able to cross the membrane? No, the starch molecules were not able to cross the membrane, because if it were able to pass through, then the solution on the outside of the intestine (Dialysis tubing) would have changed color to blue-black. Were Lug molecules able to cross the membrane? Yes, the starch molecules were able to cross the membrane as we observe the lour changes that occur inside the intestine (Dialysis tubing). What is your conclusion regard amylase digestive activity? In this experiment, I concluded that amylase have the abilities to catalyst the breakdown of the starch into glucose. Also, some molecules, such as the Logos regent (kill) and glucose are able to permeate through intestine (Dialysis tubing) while others, such as starch is not able to permeate through the (Dialysis What does this experiment tell you about the size of glucose molecules and membrane permeability? This experiment tells me the size of the glucose molecule is very small in comparison to starch molecule. They have high membrane permeability that allows them to permeate through the intestine (Dialysis tubing); this is supported by the presence of glucose in the water when we conducted the glucose test. In the experiment, did the movement of glucose and starch molecule reflect the expected results of biological simulation? In this experiment, the glucose and starch molecules accurately reflected the expected results of the biological simulation. Animals starch molecule cant cross the plasma membrane to leave the intestine, similarity in our experiment, the starch solution were not able to permeate through the intestine (Dialysis tubing), thus a no change of color occurred in the Logos regent (kill) solution. Furthermore, the glucose molecules can cross membrane between the intestine and circulatory system, and this is proven accurate as we were able to test the presence of glucose in the Logos regent (kill) solution that contain amylase in the intestine (Dialysis tubing).

A Research Report on Marketing Strategies of the Business Essay Example

A Research Report on Marketing Strategies of the Business Essay Example A Research Report on Marketing Strategies of the Business Essay A Research Report on Marketing Strategies of the Business Essay A Research Report on Marketing Strategies of the Business| Muhoo [Pick the date] | Table of Contents 1Introduction2 2Market ProfileError! Bookmark not defined. 3Macro-environmental Analysis of Victoria’s Basement3 4Micro-environmental Analysis of Victoria’s Basement4 5Market Segmentation5 5. 1Demographic Segmentation:5 5. 2Psychographic segmentation:6 5. 3Behavioural segmentation:7 6Target Market7 6. 1Purchasing Pattern and Purchasing Power7 6. Brand Positioning Based on Target Segment8 7Marketing Mix9 7. 1Product9 7. 2Price9 7. 3Promotion9 7. 4Place9 7. 5Process10 8Recommendations10 8. 1Use of Technology10 8. 2Customer Service10 8. 3Store Decoration10 8. 4Advertising about Expansion11 9Conclusion11 10References12 * Executive Summary Victoria’s Basement is a small business which started its journey in the Queen Victoria Building and successfully grew into its current status of holding 5 locations around Sydney of significant sizes.From an outside perspective it is easy to conclude that the main ingredient of the success of Victoria’s Basement is its prime location in the Queen Victoria Building. However, a detailed research into various marketing aspects of the business reveals that the store’s product mix, target market, and promotions are significant contributors to the success of the store. A macro-economic and micro-economic analysis of Victoria’s Basement reveals that the business has utilized some of the main advantages of being in Sydney CDB area and being close to railway station has given it additional exposure to its customers.It also shows that technology is the business’s main opportunity to grow and that the threat to the business from rival businesses is the biggest threat to the business. Also, studying the market segments suggest that tourists and adults of age range 20-35 years are the target market segment of the business which is also being assisted by online selling strategy. Exploring the marketing mix of the business detailed its business marketing strategies and illustrated how each aspect is playing role in the current success of the company.Finally, based on all the research done, some recommendations have been made on what are some of the aspects that the business could improve on. Use of technology, improvement of customer service and increasing advertisement about other locations than the QBV store are the main areas of improvements to the company. Introduction Victoria’s Basement is a business whose large comic advertising signs grab attention of any pedestrian walking through the Queen Victoria Building, a historic building that gets the most foot traffic among all the buildings around the Town Hall area of the Sydney CBD.Victorias Basement has been well established for over 10 years, However the foundations were laid more than 20 years ago when the Kalanderian Brothers opened their first Mr Tablecloth store on November 1986 in Sydneys historic and restored Queen Victoria Building. This research is carried out on the business atmosphere, marketing strategies, marketing mix and target market of Victoria’s Basement, with a recommendation based on those studies about any further improvement that the business can make to attract more consumers.The company definitely has gained some forte by being in a prime location, where it gets at least 50% of the foot traffic from Town Hall railway station. Town Hall is Sydneys second-busiest station on the CityRail network. About 70,050 people move through the station each weekday and the number is increasing every year (Malkin amp; Dick, 2005). Also, Victoria’s Basement has expanded its strength in the market because of its product mix, exposure to different market segments and advertising strategies. Macro-environmental Analysis of Victoria’s BasementIn this part of the report, the marketing environment would be discussed in brief for the Victoria’s Basement. The PESTEL framework could be adapted to analyse the macro-environmental forces for the company. Table 1: Macro-Environmental Analysis for QVB Factors| Descriptions amp; Analysis| Political amp; Legal| * Free trade policies of multiple countries could provide QVB [hence, Victoria’s Basement] good busin ess opportunities for exporting their products to the foreign markets (Whaples, 2011) and also importing products at cheaper rates. Legal regulations including taxations, consumer protection legislations, and employee protection legislations in NSW would also matter in deciding how business is operated. If Victoria’s Basement is considering expanding to other states, the business will also encounter difference in taxation and local legislations to adapt to. | Economic| * Global economy recovered from the financial crisis had allowed the buying power to increase (Coffee, 2012). Therefore, more people are able to spend on luxury home wares and kitchenware. Global high level of unemployment would still make the costs for labour lower than expected (Coffee, 2012). Therefore, Victoria’s Basement can employ people at lower rates, hence reducing the fixed cost of operating business. Also, the imports are remaining cheaper due to cheap production labour from other countries. | Socio-Cultural| * Emergence of DIY (Do It Yourself) allowed more consumers to be more in favour of cooking and baking at home (Pearce, 2012) * Emergence of usage of social media in the current society had allowed social media to be the newest and very efficient marketing tool. Emergence of online retailing allowing retailers to develop new sales channel within the global market. | Technological| * Increased RFID technologies with electronic price labels allowing customers’ self-service in the retailing stores (Hancke, 2011) which the store is not utilizing yet. Also the store is not yet using anti-theft devices. * The more advanced information and communication technology (ICT) and transportation technology could allow globalization to be more possible and management being more efficient and cost-effective. Micro-environmental Analysis of Victoria’s Basement In terms of the micro-environmental analysis, the Porter’s Five Forces framework could be adapted for th e company. Table 2: Micro-Environmental Analysis for QVB Factors| Descriptions amp; Analysis| Buyer Power| Medium. The bargaining power from customers would be strengthened from the increasing competition in the market providing the similar products in the industry, and the buyers’ switch costs for different brands would be low.On the other hand, the bargaining power from customers would be weakened from the fact that there was no buyer association established in the world for the industry. | Supplier Power| Low. The bargaining power from suppliers would be lowered because there were multiple suppliers for the materials and services (steel, plastics amp; business services such as logistics) in the market, and the switch costs for suppliers would not be high. | Threats from New Entrants| Medium.The threats from new entrants would be strengthened because there were no barriers set for in the market and the capital and technological requirements were low. On the other hand, the threats from new entrants would be lowered because the market is matured with stable growth of the consumption of products being sold by Victoria’s Basement| Threats from Substitutes| Low. There was very low threat from the substitutes because the number of substitutes is restricted in the CBD area for similar product mix.Woolworths Group and Coles Group also sell kitchen and home wares but the diversity of product is significantly low in comparison to Victoria’s Basement. | Threats from Rivalry| High. The threats from rivalry is strengthened because the number of competitors in the global market is large, and multiple retailers, such as large retailers (David Jones, Myer etc. ) and specialized retailers (Ikea, Harvey Norman, etc. ) are all competing in the market. Product differentiation was low with products providing the similar functions, and the switching costs for customers from different brands would be low.Therefore the threats from rivalry are high. | Market S egmentation In order to develop a marketing strategy, it is very important for a company to understand its exposure to customers. If the company can understand its customer base then only it can plan its business and marketing strategy as well as what their target consumer sector would be. Victoria’s Basement has exposure to consumers according to the basis of Demographic, Psychographic and Behavioural patterns. They have segmented their products and positioned them according to consumer segments.The purpose of the dividing the market into small segments is to make it simple to address the needs of smaller groups of customers and try to analyse that different products are being carried to appeal to consuming habits from different segments. We can categorize the market segmentation for Victoria’s Basement consumers into three different bases: Demographic Segmentation: Every year, more than 2 million international visitors come to the Sydney metropolitan area. It is esti mated that a further 483,000 people travel to the city on any day to shop, be educated, conduct business or simply to be entertained.This is in addition to the 385,000 people who arrive every day to work in the local area. More than a third of these working people are classed as professionals, with another 17% of them classified as managers (City of Sydney, 2013), which justifies their ability to be attracted and ability to purchase quality and luxury home ware and kitchenware brands. The median age of the City resident is 32, which is 3 years below the average for the rest of Sydney. Almost half the Citys residents are aged between 18 and 34.Two-thirds of the population increase in the past 5 years has occurred in this age group. From the above statistics, the exposure of a typical business in Sydney CBD can be approximated as presented in Figure 1. As we can see, the largest consumer group that Victoria’s Basement has exposure to is the 45% group which is the age group of 2 0-34 old Young Adults and Visitors. Figure 1: Demographic Segmentation of a business in Sydney CBD Psychographic segmentation: Psychographic segmentation refers to dividing the consumers into groups based on personality, value, social class and lifestyle.Victoria’s Basement has products that are appealing to lifestyle of the sophisticated multicultural consumers, as Sydney has a huge amount of visitors who come to visit city every day for shopping, relaxation and even for entertainment. On average, individual residents in the City earn a weekly median wage of $717, compared to $518 elsewhere in Sydney. A quarter of residents aged 15 or more have a weekly income of over $1300 a week, while another quarter receive less than $250 per week (City of Sydney, 2013).Therefore, Victoria’s Basement can attract those customers that are choosy, maintain high social status and stylish daily life but also those who want to maintain a stylish standard of living but are in financial c runch. As it is a commercial area, it is very easy to target both stylish luxurious and also stylish but economic customers. As a result we see that victoria’s basement has salt and pepper sets that are $4 a set and also designer salt and pepper sets that are $39. 95 a set (Victorias Basement, 2013). Behavioural segmentation:Behavioural Segmentation refers to splitting customers in terms of buying patterns based on occasions, uses, and benefits. Victoria’s Basement is not only a very popular shop but also a mark of tradition in Queen Victoria Building (QVB). The QVB itself arranges different entertainment events to attract tourists and city visitors which add to the image of QVB. The people who visit QVB due to special occasions are mostly visitors. It is a behavioural pattern that when people become part of a special event, they want to bring back a token as part of their experience.So, visitors think that because they had been to a historic building, they need to buy at least something that would remind them of their visit; hence, they end up buying products from the most historic store in the QVB, Victoria’s Basement. Target Market Based on study of the different market segments in the above discussion, it can be concluded that the age group of 20-34 years old are the main demographic target of Victoria’s Basement. Psychographic and behavioural pattern of this age group suggest that visitors and comparatively wealthier residents living near city area form the majority of the target consumers of Victoria’s Basement.In the next discussions we will discuss more in depth about the behaviour and buying pattern of these target segments. Purchasing Pattern and Purchasing Power It is necessary to classify the target segment in order to identify those with sufficient purchasing power, authority, and willingness to buy. Based on that, a Victoria’s Basement should strategize their marketing mix. Usually women make 90% of home improvement decisions and they can pay for quality and variety of products. Based on that we can estimate that majority of the target consumers are female.In addition to that female from other age ranges (35+) also add to the gender segment. Women are more likely than men to express concern about consumption’s broader impacts and to act upon those concerns’ (Luchs amp; Mooradian, 2012), which justifies the necessity of Victoria’s Basement to pay attention to quality and brand. Workers in Sydney get the second biggest bang for their buck in a survey of prices and earnings in 73 cities, conducted by the global investment bank UBS. The results show that Sydney ranks second only to Zurich in domestic purchasing power the quantity of goods and services you can buy with the average wage.Sydneys relatively high wages and moderate costs explain the surprise ranking (Irvine, 2009). Compulsive buying is a prominent behaviour among this target segment of 20-34 years old a dults. The Australian Bureau of Statistics shows that the total balance on credit and charge cards has risen an average of 17 per cent over the five years since 2002 and the Australia’s credit card bill has hit a record $42. 698 billion in December 2007. In today’s society, status is regarded through the ownership of status products rather than through personal, occupational, or family reputation.Thus, in their effort to come out best in this social comparison and possession, individuals must demonstrate their social power by displaying their wealth through the ability to purchase goods and services (material objects)’ (Phau amp; Woo, 2008). Keeping the above behavioural patterns in mind and also the fact that there are more than 20,000 retail stores in the Sydney CBD area (City of Sydney, 2013), Victoria’s Basement need to pay attention to the right pricing pattern with facilities to pay through credit cards to keep their target segment loyal to the stor e.Brand Positioning Based on Target Segment Victoria’s Basement has had an interesting history in Australian retailing from its poor beginnings in 1986 to its new position entirely riding on the tourists pouring into the city. The shop run their peak business during summer time as a lot of tourist come to Sydney during that season. The contents of the shop are such that it also attracts people other than tourists. That is how they run their business during all seasons.During off season, they try to remain in focus by advertising 80% off’, One Day Offers’, Super Saturdays’, Secret Sales’, half yearly Stock take’ and Mid-Season sales’ in addition to catalogue offers to keep their sales floating and to keep the Brand Equity up. Moving forward, the team at Victoria’s Basement is trying to limit their dependence upon price based promotions, which have been slowly damaging their brand positioning, and return to status of a premier re tailer brand. Recent survey has shown that people want the souvenir shop in delocalized area.In that realization, they have opened 5 shops in suburbs which are away from the city but close to where households are. They have also started selling their items online over the internet. Their popularity is increasing day by day hence their business strategy is changing because becoming more available within the reach of general people will maximize their customer base. It will regain their ability to project a more sophisticated image and targeting more sophisticated consumers. Marketing Mix Product Victoria’s basement is popular for its product brand line-up.If we compare in the marketing mix framework then we can find that its wide range of products are all of very popular brands, which is one of important reasons for its rapid success. Brand automatically ensures that the product quality is also really good. Some of the popular brands in their collection are Wedgwood, Royal Dou lton, Villery and Boch, Waterford, Dan Samuels, and many more. Branding can build an expectation about the business services or product and can encourage the business to maintain that expectation, or exceed them, bringing better products and services to the market place.Presentation of their product is a important part of good marketing which is one of the areas of improvement that Victoria’s Basement has to note. Currently because they have a lot of products but limited sales area, the presentation in QVB store is more like a basement bargain store. However, their other stores have much better product presentation. Lastly, their return policy is very simple like other big retail giants. Price Price is the most important part of their continued allegiance from targeted customers. Victoria’s basement offer cheaper price than any other business with the same product.This made them popular in the short period of time. They have a wide range of discount which starts from 1 5% to 75% (approximate). This magnetize customer more towards this shop. However, they need to keep in mind that extreme low pricing sometimes damages the brand value. Promotion Victoria’s basement is very advanced about their business promotion. As mentioned earlier, they maintain sales promotion in special events such as charismas, New Year, mother’s day etc. As part of advertising their promotions, they distribute catalogues all around the city area and nearby residential areas as well.Also, they have big sale events at every store opening, promoting new business entry in that area and informing customers about their entry. Place Victoria’s Basement originated from their prime and most important location in Queen Victoria building. According to Sydney Morning Herald in 2005, Town Hall is Sydneys second-busiest station on the CityRail network. About 70,050 people move through the station each weekday and the number is increasing every year’ (Malkin amp; Dick, 2005). Even if half of these people walk through the QVB as of 2013, we can estimate that the QVB store has exposure to more than 40,000 foot traffic per day.Since 2002, Victoria’s Basement expanded to areas like Auburn, Artemon, Castle Hill and Alexandria which are densely populated residential areas but these households have above average income and more space inside the house. Obviously, homeowners with expendable income will be attracted to shop in such store if it is conveniently located within their reach. Process Victoria’s Basement is only using traditional POS terminals that are not interconnected among all other stores or to their supply chain management.As a result customers have to wait in long queues and can only shop what is available at that store. However, Victoria’s Basement is also offering online selling with option of bridal registry. This is definitely a good process to reach customers that are too far away or too reluctant to travel to their stores. Also, it opens their consumer base to gift-shoppers, specially when people use the bridal registry facilities. Recommendations Use of Technology The biggest area of improvement that Victoria’s Basement has is in its use of technology.They are not using any anti-theft device, making the merchandise prone to vandalism. Even though they have security guards in store, considering the fact that their target consumers are majorly tourists, it might be highly uncomfortable and depreciatory to customers that are not use to bag-check culture in Australia. Also, since they have expanded to multiple branches, they need to improve on their supply-chain management by incorporating IT to be able to assist customers with better information about product availability. Customer ServiceVictoria’s basement is employing very small amount of customer service representatives in the stores for which customers are often unable to decide which product to purchase. Also, since majority of their target consumers are tourists, the customer service should be able to advice purchases. For example, items with liquids in them of more than 300ml will not be allowed to pass through screening if placed in hand luggage, purchase of more then $300 in a single receipts will make them eligible to get tax refund at the airport while departing, etc. Store Decoration This recommendation about store’s decoration is mostly applicable for the QVB tores. Due to lack of space, the products are placed on the floor and shelves in a very compressed pattern, allowing limited area for shoppers to walk, stand to look at products, and move with strollers/wheelchairs. Only based on lack of accessibility, customers often prefer to go to other bigger brands (David Jones and Myer), although the price is cheaper in Victoria’s Basement. Also, if customers accidentally bump to a shelf or a product that is fragile, they often end up breaking or damaging the product. The store often makes the customer pay for the broken product, causing dissatisfaction among customers.Advertising about Expansion Until this research was carried out, none of our group members were aware of the fact that Victoria’s Basement has 4 other locations that are even bigger than the QVB store even though some of us have shopped at the store many times. This is evidence of the fact that Victoria’s Basement doesnot have enough advertisement going on to promote their other locations. Promoting other locations in the QVB store might be a good strategy for the business since some customers go to the QVB location in the belief that they cannot get such items at a place closer to them for that comparable price.Conclusion With minimal expense of advertising, technology, and employee engagement, Victoria’s Basement has been successfully able to increase their brand equity to become a considerable competition in the homeware/kitchenware market. They have marketing advanta ge of being in prime location and having been associated with image of a historic building as Queen Victoria Building. However, to be able to continue its growth at the present globalised market, they need to move towards technology and customer service to give better retail experience to shoppers while retaining its Brand image.

Doing Good

Doing Good Doing Good Doing Good By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked me to comment on the following sentences: Didnt they do good. The boy did good. The word good has numerous definitions and nuances. I started to count all those listed in the OED entry, but gave up, there were so many. The chief use of good is as an adjective: Read any good books lately? It is also frequently used as a noun: Political leaders should consider the common good. A few special constructions exist in which good is used adverbially: He as good as told me he was quitting. Besides being ungrammatical, using good to modify a verb creates ambiguity. The sentences â€Å"Didn’t they do good† and â€Å"The boy did good† suggest that â€Å"they† and â€Å"the boy† were occupied in doing good works. In one of my favorite scenes in the television show 30 Rock, Tracy Morgan asks someone â€Å"How are you doing?† When the other character responds Good. Im doing good! Tracy fixes him with a disapproving stare and says Superman does good. You’re doing well. If â€Å"they† and â€Å"the boy† are not â€Å"doing good† in the sense that Superman and Habitat for Humanity do good, then the good is being used incorrectly. One way to improve these sentences is to replace the adjective good with the adverb well: Didn’t they do well? The boy did well. If this use of â€Å"well† sounds too stuffy for conversation, then the sentences could be rendered as Didn’t they do a good job? The boy did a good job. As language descriptivists would tell us, good is often used as an adverb in conversation. This is true. I use it myself at times, in fun, or to convey praise without seeming sentimental. Ex. You done good, Son! Nevertheless, speakers and writers aiming at standard usage acceptable to a wide audience do well to avoid this construction. Bottom line: Using good to qualify a verb is still considered by most style-conscious writers to be nonstandard usage, best reserved for use as a character marker in fiction to indicate class, region or educational level.   Ã‚   Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"7 Patterns of Sentence StructureQuiet or Quite?

Managing Challenging Behaviour in Mental Heath Essay

Managing Challenging Behaviour in Mental Heath - Essay Example The primary information from this program would be supported by previous works by various scholars borrowed from books on mental health nursing and journals on mental health, mental health nursing and intellectual disability. Rationale There are various behaviours that people consider as challenging. Examples among those with learning disabilities include self injury, violence, ambivalence, sexual disinhibition, non-compliance and substance abuse (Callaghan & Waldock 2012). Considering adults with learning disability, Neno, Aveyard and Heath identified repetitive actions, screaming, shouting, running away and resisting care as some common challenging behaviour (2007). According to NHS (2012), challenging behaviour would be mostly observed among people who have conditions affecting the brain and communication like dementia and learning disability. Since communication defines human interaction with one another, its breakdown becomes a problem, leading to frustration which yields challe nging behaviour. If it leads to an outcome desired by the victim, then it could be repeated over and over again. The challenges experienced with these behaviours could be as a result of the support given or denied and problems resulting from inability to understand the things happening in the environment and how to communicate what such persons want. Having seen people with challenging behaviours in almost all the areas I have been working from as nursing student, I feel that learning how to manage such behaviours would be of paramount importance in my future profession as a mental health nurse. 1. Undertake and critically evaluate your transition activity Among the key areas of challenging behaviours that I undertook to train on included an evaluation of some of the common challenging behaviours, risk assessment, risk reduction and incidence prevention and treatment for those exhibiting such behaviours including forceful restraint. In as much as there was some focus on the role of the community, much emphasis was laid on my role as a mental health nurse in managing such situations. Understanding these facts from my perspective as a mental health nurse would be critical in my future role when handling people with learning disabilities. As noted by Emerson and Hatton (2008), these are the people who are likely to exhibit such behaviours. Much of the observed phenomena were from my experience having interacted with people with challenging behaviour in most of my undertakings. However, in this transition program, the observed phenomena were qualified with credible citation of supportive theories and findings from various scholars. I adopted the proposition by Ritter and Lampkin (2012) who categorised the triggers of challenging behaviours into primary, secondary and consequent. According to these scholars, primary causes are a result of the service user’s mental illness such as aggression when such a person hears voices. Secondary triggers result from symp toms of an illness which results in the service user responding negatively against other persons. Finally, consequential triggers would be caused by mental illness which leads to seeking for attention. However, it has always been difficult for me to identify a single cause of challenging behaviours in a person. Perhaps, the argument by the Xeniditis, Russel and Murphy (2012) that there would not be a unitary common cause associated with these behaviours. Having understood the causes of these behaviours, the transition program

Project management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project management - Research Paper Example In such cases there may be no time for iterations even if it means compromising on product quality. The adaptive model solves these problems and delivers solution according to the situation. This is an excellent model and would fail only if the project team is incompetent to adapt to the changing objectives. Extreme PMLC model has a high probability of failing at each step because the objectives are not known beforehand and are derived from previous phases. Thus, there is a high chance of going awry. The risks associated with this model can be mitigated by high level of client involvement (Wysocki & Rudd, 2003). Critical path chain method proves to be more efficient than critical path method for project management. Critical chain method helps in reducing the project duration by about 30% generally. It leads to better utilization of resources. The critical and non-critical tasks are both given equal attention in this method. Critical path chain method makes optimum use of buffers which is not done in case of critical path method. It also adds the best practices from PMBOK, Lean and Six Sigma to critical path method. For example, Critical path method if used by Navy would tell the critical path but would give misleading information because a number of days in between are safety days or lags which the navy cannot afford. The same are removed in critical path chain

The End of Innocence and the Darkness of Mans Heart Essay Example for Free

The End of Innocence and the Darkness of Mans Heart Essay In Lord of the Flies the author, William Golding, proves his theory on the origin of evil in many ways, a main one being the changes in the character Jack. William Goldings theory states that civilization prevents corruption. Human nature is evil but with the conformity of moral values, supervision, and consequences good behavior can be developed. In his book England is involved in a nuclear war and must evacuate the people. A group of private school boys who are presumably evacuees are dropped from a plane just before it crashes onto an uninhibited tropical island. The boys are called together by Ralph, who with Piggy had found a conch shell. As the other boys gather onto the platform another party of the boys, the choir, marches up. They are described as something dark or a creature, one of the first signs of evil. All of the boys decide to elect a leader and the candidates turn out to be Ralph and Jack, head of the choir. When the boys choose Ralph, Jack becomes enraged and Ralph offers that the choir be the hunters. Jack is then seen as the head hunter and a primary destructive force. Ralph, Jack, and another boy, Simon, head out to survey the land and assure that it is indeed an island. The boys have their first confrontation with a pig. Jack is unable to plunge his knife into living flesh and bear the sight of flowing blood because of the taboo of the old life. He is ashamed and vows next time he will kill it as he drives his knife into a tree trunk. This is one of the first major signs of troubleof the evil ahead. Jack is later described as an animal, symbolizing the loss of civilization. His transition into evil begins as the influence of his former life and the conditioning wears off. The hunters go out to hunt again and proudly return with meat. Jack remarks with pride about how they cut the pigs throat though he twitches as he speaks of this achievement. Jack has not yet reached the point of savage abandonment. His mind was crowded with memories; memories of the knowledge that had come to them when they closed in on the struggling pig, knowledge that they had outwitted a living thing,  imposed their will upon it, taken away its life like a long satisfying drink. Another sign of the conditioning wearing off is when Jack hits another boy, Piggy, breaking his specs, because Piggy stood up for himself and his beliefs. On another hunt, Ralph joins the hunters. This hunt is unsuccessful because the boar gets away but Ralph is proud that he hit the pig in the snout with a spear. After this failure the boys start a reenactment with Robert, a smaller boy, acting as the pig. They begin the chant Kill the pig! Cut his throat! Kill the pig! Bash him in! and an overwhelming dark desire possesses the boys. This is the final stage before Jacks transition into complete evil. When Jack is angered that the boys do not want him as leader he travels to the other part of the beach and forms his own tribe. He informs the tribe that they are going to forget about a so-called beast and hunt. This hunt is an electrifying success. The boys hunted a helpless sow and as the afternoon wore on, hazy and dreadful with damp heat; the sow staggered her way ahead of them, bleeding and mad, and the hunters followed, wedded to her in lust, excited by the long chase and the dropped blood. When they kill the pig there is no twitch of conscience as Jack has fully transitioned into an evil boy. While the boys are feasting on this pig and celebrating their victory Simon is searching for the so-called beast. He runs into the pigs head on a stick, an offering for the beast. The head transforms into the Lord of the Flies (literal translation for Beelzebub, the chief of the devils) and Simon has an imaginary conversation with it. The Lord of the Flies explains that it is part of Simon, part of the boys, part of all men. He is the reason things are what they are. He is the demonic essence that is taking over Jack and the other boys in their evilness. Simon discovers that the beast is harmless and he goes running to the boys to share the good news. The boys are starting their dance when Simon runs into the middle of the circle and is killed. Simon becomes the suffering victim of the boys and of Jacks madness. The final and climactic abhorrence is the hunt for Ralph. Jack does not like Ralph because Ralph does not like Jack so Jack convinces the other boys that Ralph is the beast in disguise. Jack had previously explained to the boys that Simon was not really Simon, but the beast in disguise and he had not really been killed. At this point Jack is completely evil, as there is no civilization. In Lord of the Flies Jacks changes into evil prove Goldings theory about the origin of evil. As civilization is destroyed, Jack becomes more and more evil. At the beginning of the book one can see such signs of trouble as his reaction the failure to kill the pig. Into the middle the conditioning wearing off is rather apparent, as he becomes prone to killing. Finally, by the end Jack is completely evil. It is the end of innocence and the darkness of mans heart.

Case Study of Dell Computer Corporation :: Business Marketing, Case Study, solution

Case Study of Dell Computer Corporation Introduction Michael Dell founded Dell Computer Corporation in 1984 with a simple vision and business concept – that personal computers can be built to order and sold directly to consumers. Michael believed his approach had two advantages: (i) by passing distributors and retail dealers eliminated the markups of resellers, and (ii) building to order greatly reduced the costs and risks associated with carrying large stocks of parts, components and finished goods. Its build-to-order and sell-direct approach proved appealing to growing numbers of customers in the mid 1990s as global PC sales rose to record level. In 1998, it was already the 3rd manufacturer in the United States with a 12% share of PC market and a nearly 6% share worldwide. The company’s fastest growing market for the past several quarters was Europe. Even during the Asia economic woes in the early 1998, Dell’s sales in Asia rose 35%. Its sales at the Internet Web site were about $5 million a day and expected to r each $1.5 billion annually by the year-end 1998. Since 1990, Dell’s stock price had exploded from 23 cents per share to $83 per share in May1998 with a 36,000% increase and was the top performing big company then. Dell’s principal products included desktop PCs, notebook computers, workstations, and servers. Its products and services were sold in more than 140 countries. The sales of desktop PCs alone accounted for about 65% of Dell’s total revenues while the rest accounted for about 33%. In early 1988, the company has 16,000 employees. Dell’s Background and Vision Dell Computer was first known as PCs Limited in 1984, selling PC components and PCs under the brand name PCs Limited. Dell’s strategy was to sell directly to end users; by eliminating the retail markup, Dell was able to sell IBM clones at about 40% below an IBM PC price. By 1985, the company was assembling its own PC designs and had about 40 employees. Sales had reached $33 million by the year ending 1986. Michael Dell sought to refine the company’s business model, add needed production capacity, and build a bigger, deeper management staff and corporate infrastructure while at same time keeping costs low. It first international offices were opened in 1987 and was renamed Dell Computer. In 1998, Dell became a public company, raised $34.2 million in its first offering of common stock. Michael Dell’s vision was for Dell Computer to become one of the top three PC companies.

Narrative Essay Example

Narrative essay Main character: genie Setting: swamp Plot: treasure is found There are four genies, which is Jinny, Winny, Tinny and Ninny, they are very good friend and they have living in a forest called The Peaceful Forest. They live in there almost 100 years, unfortunately they only can live 200 years, but they never feel sad about that and they live happily. One day, a devil has come to their place and tells them that there is a treasure inside the swamp which is behind the forest. He asks them to help him to get the treasure and he will give them a bottle of magic water that can help them to increase lifespan as the reward.After that, because the bottle of magic water only have one, so the genies started to become selfish and only think of self and try to get the magic water. But, actually the devil are lie to them, he just want them to help him to get the treasure and he does not have any reward to give back them. The four genies have a simple mind, so they do not think about the devil will lie to them, so they follow the devil to find the treasure and it take about 2 days to reach there. In the middle of the journey, Jinny, Winny and Tinny started to have conflict because they wanted to drink the magic water and do not want to let another to steal.Then, the devil started to smile because he has successful to provoke their relationship. Luckily, Niny, the leader of them which is lovely and kind, she started to tell them not to argue and try to persuade them but she failed because no one want to listen to her words. Few hours later, they reach the place, the devil is so exciting about the treasure that he have waited so long, so he call them to help him jump into the swamp to get it, but all of them are fighting because of the magic water. The devil can’t stand it, so he goes there and stop their fighting.When they all are pushing and pulling each other, the devil accidently felt into the swamp and he feel so painful because his weakness is cannot touch the swamp. The four genies quickly jump into it and try to save the devil, but it was too late, the devil has turn into ash. Unconsciously, Niny saw the treasure is floating on the swamp, so she take it and open it with the three other genies. After she opens it, they all smile to each other and hug each other because inside the treasure box, there was nothing inside. So, it means everything that they argue was a waste of time, and then they go back home and live happily just like before.

The Role of Perception in Corporate Decision Making

Here is an office scenario wherein two senior executives are observing an employee who is a potential candidate for promotion:   At certain times, they both see the said employee just sitting on his chair, lounging, even minutes before the end of office hours.   Often chancing upon the employee during his idle time, Senior Executive A may see this as laziness on the employee’s part.   Senior Executive B views the situation, having kept track of prompt and quality reports done by the employee, as the employee being a fast worker who gets the job easily done and right, not as somebody who is just loafing around. This is the fundamental nature of perception.   Senior Executive B saw the employee’s circumstances in another approach from that of Senior Executive A’s.   Even though they both examined the same situation, each one had a different view on it.   The outcome of this observation shall depend upon how the executives had perceived the candidate’s performance.   This is an illustration of how perception plays a part in making decisions on a work setting.   The employee’s likelihood of getting promoted relies on others’ diverse insights. Perception Perception has a role when it comes to decision making on many business situations.   It can impact an organization’s behavior.   Also depending on every person’s background, traits, knowledge, and many other factors, perception can also shape ethical or moral decisions. Definition What is perception?   â€Å"Perception is the process we use to make sense out of our environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment† (Daft, 1997, p. 786). People have varied outlooks on a particular situation in his/her own way.   â€Å"Perception depends not only on the physical stimuli but also on the stimuli’s relation to the surrounding field and on conditions within the individual.   The key word in the definition of perception is individual† (Kotler, 2000, p.173). Impact on Organizational Behavior Because of the different perceptions each individual has on a working atmosphere, it is a necessity for managers to have a profound knowledge of anticipating diversity between the different levels within their organization.   For example:   If a manager only sees his/her staff as a means to an end, just a functioning machine in getting the job done, like without incentives or further trainings, etc., with this kind of perception that the employees may get, how would the employees react to it? There might be a number of them who would not think of it as an issue because they themselves may also only see their work as a means itself to meeting their own needs, financially speaking of earning a salary.   For some, they would like to be recognized and given value as employees, being humanely treated and could perceive their employers as insensitive to both their professional growth and personal welfare. In this case, when this type of perception prevails, it could possibly lead to a chain reaction amongst the employees.   A possible impact could be that the organizational behavior (employees’ performance) is not being concerned about their company’s productivity since the management itself does not look after their issues. How a person perceives others can greatly or minimally impact an organization either in a negative or positive way because people would act in response to it. Another citable circumstance in an office setting with regards to perception and its impact on behavior is rumors.   For instance, there is a new employee who was highly  recommended by an officer of the company.   Some may right away see this as special treatment being given on the said employee.   While others actually get facts and can see  exceptional work being done on the new employee’s part.   Yet, with a number of gossip mongers existing on a work environment, they are going to talk about misleading details.   Now with those who may be unaware of what is actually going on, just basing the events on hearsay, they might perhaps bear some resentment on management or even give it a shot themselves on apple polishing. â€Å"Individual perceptual awareness varies widely.   Recognizing the difference between what is perceived and what is real is a key element in diagnosing a situation† (Daft, 1997,p. 787). Using Perceptive ‘Shortcuts’ Every now and then, several business matters call for immediate decisions.   Some may resort to using perceptive ‘shortcuts’ when judging others.   Positive effects may include a decision being done without delay and can move on to attend to other business matters at hand.   This could result to increase in productivity.   Negative effects consist of hastiness in judgment.   Without studying all the facts and details, one fails to take into account everything that needs to be considered which may be leaving out a factor that could have brought out a different turn of events. The Real World Before a decision is made in real world organizations, an issue is addressed by gathering necessary data or a proposal is prepared for a project they will undertake.   There is an open discussion in order to reach a consensus of opinion (i.e. meeting).   Advantages and disadvantages are weighed out (e.g. project to be considered, acquisition of office equipment).   Strengths and weaknesses are pointed out (e.g. hiring of an applicant, promotion  among ranks).   A good management first makes a thorough study then arrives at a more solid decision this way than in making hasty assessments. Ethical/Moral Decisions How we see things are based on several factors.   People’s views are different because each one has his/her own distinctive background.   What values and beliefs a person has can influence an ethical or moral decision he or she makes.   For example:   A sales agent who proposes to a Human Resources Head the availment of a pension plan for the company’s employees, is also suggesting a share in the commission that he would give to the HR Head when he approves the proposal. If the HR Head perception of the agent’s offer is lucrative to his own pocket and does not see it as harmful to their corporation, viewing the agent’s approach as a normal sales tactic, then this shapes the moral decision he is about to make.   Clearly, this is against business ethics, undisclosed behind-the-scenes negotiations.   The employees, who are not aware of what had transpired between the sales agent and their HR Head, would naturally perceive the outlay in pension plan as a benefit for them.   Now if it was a different matter all together, with an honest HR Head who believes in hard work to earn a living, may see the sales agent as a dubious character and perhaps would choose not to deal with that agent anymore. â€Å"Perception in itself does not always lead to an accurate picture of the environment† (Daft, 1997, p. 562). References Daft, R. L. (1997).   Management.   Pennsylvania:   The Dryden Press. Kotler, P. (2000).   Marketing Management.   New Jersey:   Prentice-Hall, Inc.            

The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association The WritePass Journal

The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association IntroductionPart 1: The constitutional debateConclusionBibliographyBooksStatuteRelated â€Å"The extent of the contractual effect of a company’s articles has long been a subject of controversy generating much academic debate, interest and at times consternation.†Griffin, S Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association? Company Law Newsletter (2010), pages 1-4. (Available on WestLaw).Provide an overview of the academic debate in relation to the contractual effect of a company’s articles, highlighting specifically where the differences of opinion can be found. Introduction The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association has long been a contentious concept which is commonly referred to as the â€Å"statutory contract†, distinguishable from normal commercial contracts and uniquely applicable to each and every member of a company as a separate and binding covenant[1]. S.33 of the Companies Act 2006 now forms the basis of this â€Å"multi-party† contract[2] and is the successor to s.14 of the Companies Act 1985. S.33 states that: â€Å"the provisions of the company’s constitution bind the company and its members to the same extent as if there were covenants on the part of the company and of each member to observe it†[3]. This formulation represents only a slight departure from s.14 which made no specific mention of whether the company was a party to the contract. This small lexical difference aside the words of the new provision largely replicate the language of the old and, in Sealy and Worthington’s opinion, mean that â€Å"the same uncertainties seem destined to plague this area†[4]. Since s.33 has come into force only two cases have mentioned it directly[5] and so the likely effects it will have are still largely theoretical and based on the controversy which dogged s.14. This essay will provide an overview of the company’s articles of association and in part 1 will examine the academic debate which has surrounded both s.14 and now s.33. Part 1: The constitutional debate The academic debate on s.14 centers on the extent to â€Å"which it regulated a company’s obligation to adhere to the terms of its articles in relation to dealing with its members†[6]. The extent of a company’s contractual obligation was, as noted above, notably absent from the 1985 version and this was the catalyst for a vigorous debate into the precise boundaries of the company in relation to the articles. Astbury J argued that s.14 creates rights and obligations between the company and its members but qualified it heavily by saying that this only applied in relation to those articles which regulated the rights and obligations of members generally[7]. Griffin characterizes this, in light of the case law, as being that a member can enforce only those parts of the articles which relate to a â€Å"pure membership obligation†[8] . Purely procedural issues, such as a member’s right to vote at a company meeting would be denied where the meeting related to an internal procedure but accepted where the meeting related to a more substantial issue of constitutional significance[9]. As Griffin points out there was strong opposition to Astbury J’s restricted view of the extent of a company’s contractual obligation under s.14 with Lord Wedderburn arguing that the obligation extended to all obligations save those which related to merely â€Å"internal procedures†[10] and as long as it was pursued by a member qua member and Gregory argued that, without exception, a member should be able to enforce every obligation within a company’s articles irrespective of status[11]. The new drafting of s.33, which is more expansive than s.14 in relation to the companies’ contractual obligations, would seem to support Lord Wedderburn and Gregory’s arguments[12]. As Griffin notes the wording was inserted late into the Company Law bill by Lord Wedderburn himself in the House of Lords and on a literal reading does reflect his teachings[13]. Section 33 has now been in operation since 2009 and it is still unclear as to whether it will evolve towards Lord Wedderburn’s views or remain entrenched with Astbury J. So far the courts have steered clear of deciding if it does[14] and Randall QC has only seen fit to mention the â€Å"slightly changed† language of s.33[15]. Conclusion In conclusion the contractual effect of the articles of association, notwithstanding the altered language employed in s.33, will remain contentious for many years to come. The debates which plagued s.14 of the 1985 Act have not yet been exorcised by the Companies Act 2006 and the key question remains as to the precise extent of a company’s contractual obligations under the articles. The lack of cases in the few years that s.33 has been operational would seem to hint that the courts are unwilling to give effect to Lord Wedderburn’s scholarly intentions much less Gregory’s. Sealy and Worthington are right when they warn that the problems behind s.14 will be inherited by s.33: â€Å"†¦this provision [s.14] has been an endless source of varying interpretations and conflicting analyses†¦the same uncertainties seem destined to plague this area†.[16] Bibliography Books Gower Davies (2008) Principles of Modern Company Law Sweet Maxwell: London Sealy Worthington (2008) Cases and Materials on Company Law Oxford Uni Press: Oxford Journals Gregory, R (1981) ‘The Section 20 Contract’ Modern Law Review 44 p.526 Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter Lord Wedderburn (1957) ‘Shareholders’ Rights and the Rule in Foss v Harbottle’ Company Law Journal p.194 Scanlan, Gary Ryan, Chris (2007) ‘The Accrual of Claims for Breach of Contract Under s.14 Companies Act 1985 and s.33 Companies Act 2006: The Continuing Obligation’ Company Lawyer 28(12) pp367-371 Cases Cream Holdings Limited v Stuart Davenport [2010] EWHC 3096 (Ch) Fulham Football Club (1987) Ltd v Richards and another   [2010] EWHC 3111 (Ch) Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheepbreeders’ Association [1915] 1 Ch.881 Statute Companies Act 2006 Companies Act 1985 [1] Scanlan, Gary Ryan, Chris (2007) ‘The Accrual of Claims for Breach of Contract Under s.14 Companies Act 1985 and s.33 Companies Act 2006: The Continuing Obligation’ Company Lawyer 28(12) pp367-371 [2] Gower Davies (2008) Principles of Modern Company Law Sweet Maxwell: London [3] Companies Act 2006, s.33 [4] Sealy Worthington (2008) Cases and Materials on Company Law Oxford Uni Press: Oxford at p.250 [5] Fulham Football Club (1987) Ltd v Richards and another   [2010] EWHC 3111 (Ch) Cream Holdings Limited v Stuart Davenport [2010] EWHC 3096 (Ch) [6] Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter at p.1 [7] Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheepbreeders’ Association [1915] 1 Ch.881 at 900 per Astbury J [8] Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter at p.1 [9] Macdougall v Gardiner (1875-6) L.R.1 Ch.D.13 (CA) [10] Lord Wedderburn (1957) ‘Shareholders’ Rights and the Rule in Foss v Harbottle’ Company Law Journal p.194 [11] Gregory, R (1981) ‘The Section 20 Contract’ Modern Law Review 44 p.526 [12] Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter at p.2 [13] Ibid at p.4 [14] Fulham Football Club (1987) Ltd v Richards and another   [2010] EWHC 3111 (Ch) at para 59 per Vos J [15] Cream Holdings Limited v Stuart Davenport [2010] EWHC 3096 (Ch) at para 27 per Randall QC [16] Sealy Worthington (2008) Cases and Materials on Company Law Oxford Uni Press: Oxford at p.250

History of the African Slave Trade

History of the African Slave Trade Although slavery has been practiced for almost the whole of recorded history, the vast numbers involved in the African slave trade has left a legacy which cannot be ignored. Slavery in Africa Whether slavery existed within sub-Saharan African Iron Age kingdoms before the arrival of Europeans is hotly contested among African studies scholars. What is certain is that Africans were subjected to several forms of slavery over the centuries, including chattel slavery under both the imperial Muslims with the trans-Saharan slave trade and imperial Christian Europeans through the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Between 1400 and 1900, close to 20 million individuals were taken from the African continent during four sizable and mostly simultaneous slave trading operations: Trans-Saharan, Red Sea (Arab), Indian Ocean, and Trans-Atlantic. According to Canadian economic historian Nathan Nunn, by 1800 Africa’s population was half of what it would have been, had the slave trades not occurred. Nunn suggests his estimates based on shipping and census data probably represent about 80% of the total number of people stolen from their homes by the various slave operations. Four Great Slave Trading Operations in Africa Name Dates Number Countries Most Impacted Destination Trans-Saharan early 7th–1960s 3 million 13 countries: Ethiopia, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, Chad North Africa Trans-Atlantic 1500–1850 12 million 34 countries: Angola, Ghana, Nigeria, the Congo European colonies in the Americas Indian Ocean 1650–1700 1 million 15 countries: Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar Middle East, India, Indian Ocean Islands Red Sea 1820–1880 1.5 million 7 countries: Ethiopia, Sudan, Chad Egypt and Arabian peninsula Religion and African Slavery Many of the countries who actively enslaved Africans came from states with strong religious underpinnings such as Islam and Christianity. The Quran prescribes the following approach to slavery: free men could not be enslaved, and those faithful to foreign religions could live as protected persons. However, the spread of the Islamic Empire through Africa resulted in a much harsher interpretation of the law, and people from outside the borders of the Islamic Empire were considered an acceptable source of slaves. Before the Civil War, Christianity was used to justify the institution of slavery in the American south, with most clergy in the south believing and preaching that slavery was a progressive institution designed by God to affect the Christianization of Africans.  The use of religious justifications for slavery is not confined to Africa by any means. The Dutch East India Company Africa wasnt the only continent from which slaves were captured: but its countries suffered the most devastation. In many cases, slavery appears to have been a direct outgrowth of expansionism. The great maritime explorations driven by companies such as the Dutch East India Company (VOC) were financed for the specific purpose of adding land to European empires. That land required a labor force far beyond the men sent on exploratory ships. People were enslaved by empires to act as servants; as agricultural, mining, and infrastructure labor; as sex slaves; and as cannon fodder for various armies. The Start of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade When the Portuguese first sailed down the Atlantic African coast in the 1430s, they were interested in one thing: gold. However, by 1500 they had already traded 81,000 Africans to Europe, nearby Atlantic islands, and to Muslim merchants in Africa. So Tomà ©Ã‚  is considered to be a principal port in the export of slaves across the Atlantic, this is, however, only part of the story. The Triangular Trade in Slaves For two hundred years, 1440–1640, Portugal had a monopoly on the export of slaves from Africa. It is notable that they were also the last European country to abolish the institution- although, like France, it still continued to work former slaves as contract laborers, which they called libertos or engagà ©s temps. It is estimated that during the 4 1/2 centuries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Portugal was responsible for transporting over 4.5 million Africans (roughly 40% of the total). During the eighteenth century, however, when the slave trade accounted for the transport of a staggering 6 million Africans, Britain was the worst transgressor- responsible for almost 2.5 million. (This is a fact that is often forgotten by those who regularly cite Britains prime role in the abolition of the slave trade.) Information on how many slaves were shipped from Africa across the Atlantic to the Americas during the sixteenth century can only be estimated as very few records exist for this period. But from the seventeenth century onwards, increasingly accurate records, such as ship manifests, are available. Slaves for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were initially sourced in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. Around 1650 the trade moved to west-central Africa (the Kingdom of the Kongo and neighboring Angola). South Africa It is a popular misconception that slavery in South Africa was mild compared to that in America and the European colonies in the Far East. This is not so, and punishments meted out could be very harsh. From 1680 to 1795 an average of one slave was executed in Cape Town each month and the decaying corpses would be re-hung around town to act as a deterrent to other slaves.   Even after the abolition of the slave trade in Africa, colonial powers used forced labor- such as in King Leopolds Congo Free State (which was operated as a massive labor camp) or as libertos on the Portuguese plantations of Cape Verde or So Tomà ©. As recently as the 1910s, about half of the two million Africans who supported the various powers in World War I were forcibly coerced to do so. Impact of the Slave Trade Historian Nathan Nunn has conducted extensive research on the economic impacts of the massive loss of population during the slave trade. Prior to 1400, there were several Iron Age kingdoms in Africa that were established and growing. As the slave trade ramped up, people in those communities needed to protect themselves and began procuring weapons (iron knives, swords, and firearms) from Europeans by trading slaves. People were kidnapped first from other villages and then from their own communities. In many regions, the internal conflict caused by that led to the disintegration of kingdoms and their replacement by warlords who could not or would not establish stable states. The impacts continue to this day, and despite great indigenous strides in resistance and economic innovation, Nunn believes the scars still hinder the economic growth of countries who lost large numbers of populations to the slave trade compared to those which did not.   Selected Sources and Further Reading Campbell, Gwyn. Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810–1895. The Journal of African History 22.2 (1981): 203–27. Print.Du Bois, W.E.B., Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Saidiya Hartman.  The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638–1870. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.Gakunzi, David. The Arab-Muslim Slave Trade: Lifting the Taboo. Jewish Political Studies Review 29.3/4 (2018): 40–42. Print.Kehinde, Michael. Trans-Saharan Slave Trade. Encyclopedia of Migration. Eds. Bean, Frank D. and Susan K. Brown. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. 1–4. Print.Nunn, Nathan. The Long-Term Effects of Africas Slave Trades. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 123.1 (2008): 139–76. Print.Nunn, Nathan, and Leonard Wantchekon. The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa. The American Economic Review 101.7 (2011): 3221–52. Print.Peach, Lucinda Joy. Human Rights, Religion, and (Sexual) Slavery. The Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics 20 (2000): 65–87. Print. Vink, Markus. The Worlds Oldest Trade: Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century. Journal of World History 14.2 (2003): 131–77. Print.

Cybersecuirty Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cybersecuirty - Coursework Example ese poor countries engage in any business to ensure their survival and that of their families, for example, the traffic or sell fake or pirated materials to get money. Also, there are little or no laws opposing piracy of materials or their laws are weak. Moreover, American laws cannot be enforced outside America. All these factors make software piracy levels elevated outside America. In my view, the first part of the response is biased. In disputing the SIMTRAY’s justification of hacking on the basis of intent, it shows you do not consider both sides of the hacking issue. The hacker may be engaging in hacking as a means of meeting his daily needs. This shows, even if, the action is wrong on one part, on the other; it is a way of survival. The responses also show you have a hard time understanding how hacking relates to GDP, income ratio and collectivist nature. In addition, the reactions indicate despite going through the simulation twice, you still do not understand the remailer

Women in Islam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Women in Islam - Assignment Example The hijab has become common in the Muslim world and frequently worn conceitedly by the university and college girls as a sign of Islamic identity, liberating them symbolically from western cultural domination and imperialism (Kusha, 2011). Â  In addition, the traditional Muslim culture of male occupational dominance has also changed, and currently, Muslim women hold various positions in the workplaces. The culture of men as the breadwinners does no longer exist, and women raise their children and feed the household just as men. Another important change in the Muslim culture to satisfy the needs of modern women is in marriage. Traditionally, all Muslim marriages were arranged, and women had no say, but in the modern one, women are cherished and treated well. In fact, the mistreatment and beating of women are something of the past in the Muslim marriage. Â  In summary, the Muslim culture has transformed to include the needs of women in the modern society, but there is need to address the miss-emphasis and misrepresentation in Islam. The Muslim leaders should continue to address the problem of gender relations within the Muslim communities and outside to correct the gender imbalances.

Business Operations - A Systems View Assignment

Business Operations - A Systems View - Assignment Example When faced with rising costs and slumping sales, Aramex’s management would tend to look within examine existing operations and reversing the trend. The idea of looking at the external aspects beyond their company is not a new concept. What is new, concerns viewing their company as collective of systems, creating a whole, whereas also examining the relations between the individual systems in order to determine their effect on the whole system. The systems theory advances the premise that organizations consist of systems that form a larger system. The manner in which a sub-system fits in the system determines whether the sub-system will prosper. The managers at Aramex can use this concept to achieve a more holistic picture of the entire organization. Learning and understanding how Aramex relates to the system it exists in, and the manner in which the organization’s internal systems detract or contribute from the larger system relationship could give a more relevant analys is. Restructuring a learning company needs an understanding of the concept of learning organizations and its relationship to the outcomes the organization desires (Kontoghiorghes et al, 2005: p185). ... If the material is not flowing, then the supply pipeline is non-existent. Instead, there will be inventory imbalances with products and components not ending up where the organization wants. The movement could be very broad in its geographical scope. Completed products and raw materials could be moved among and between any regions in the world. As organizations pursue competitive advantage, most are now considering their supply chains and developing customer-supplier relationships to the smooth flow of materials (Phillips et al, 2006: p452). The plan for movement of material needs to be flexible. Sometimes, the existing supply chain is perceived to be a barrier and too rigid (Phillips et al, 2006: p457). The weakest link at Aramex, according to Iyad, is forecasting in their corporate execution and planning. Therefore, the movement needs to be able to deal and adjust with business activity swings. This could need a multi-level, multi-level, and/or multi-mode service program to keep a smooth flow of the global supply chain. For instance, it could need a mix of air and sea modes to ensure a smooth flow of material, particularly if there are swings in requirements and volumes. On the other hand, a mix of slow and fast boat transit time, freight costs on the sea, and transit times for trading off. In addition, if the material’s destination were on, say, the east coast, a mix of all water and MLB service, the multi-carrier approach would work, although it could stay with the same line of steamship. Enabling Responsiveness throughout the Supply Chain While the movement of materials and products is fundamental to Aramex, it is also important for them to know where the inventory is and whether there

The Self Esteem Problems Health And Social Care Essay

The Self Esteem Problems Health And Social Care Essay INTRODUCTION Self esteem is all about how much we feel valued, loved, accepted and thought well of by others and how much we value, love and accept ourselves. People with healthy self-esteem are able to feel good about them, appreciate their own worth and take pride in their abilities, skills and accomplishments. People with low self- esteem may feel as if no one will like them or accept them or that they cant do well in anything People with high self esteem tend to be ambitious in what they want to experience in Life, they have a drive to express them and to communicate openly and honestly about their needs and desires. People with low self esteem rarely live their life to the full, they distance themselves from others, denied their love and support, and uncomfortable with success, some of them even take alcohol and drugs. We all experience problems with self esteem at certain times in our lives-especially during our teens figuring out, where we fit in the world. The level of self esteem determines how we operate in life -how we interact with others such as spouse, children, friends, and strangers .It determines our achievements, and our satisfaction and happiness. Self esteem has long been believed to play an important role in the use of alcohol; People with alcohol problems often have low self esteem. They judge themselves negatively-not just for their addiction, but also for other parts of their behavior or their personality. Most of the individuals who are addicted to drugs and alcohol are not happy with their lives and live a life of despair and hopelessness, the major symptom is poor self esteem. Poor self esteem is at the heart of an individuals addiction and dependency and there is an inverse relationship between alcohol dependency and self esteem, that if a persons self esteem improves the individuals addictive behavior. 1.1. Need For The Study: Low self esteem is one of the causative factor that vast majority of alcohol addicts share in common, low self esteem is challenging in four areas. First they feel that they lack personal power, secondly many with low self esteem feel lacking the affection and attention of others, thirdly low self esteem results when people feel that they lack virtue, often feel unloved, unappreciated and lastly those possessing low self esteem hold themselves as incompetent in one or more areas. Several researchers have argued that self esteem poses high risk for alcohol abuse in some populations, including adolescents, college students, and females (Donnelly, 2000). Another area of life that Alcoholics with low Self-Esteem often struggle with their occupation. Perhaps they may lack education, information, skill sets, or the belief in their ability to obtain a worthwhile job and so they self-sabotage and then get to the right about the fact that no one wants to hire them. Seeking continuous education is hopeless to those who have such low self-esteem since they see themselves as incapable of excelling in the process of studying, taking exams, and achieving success in all the systems. Low self- esteem can also manifest as a result of ones inability to generate wealth, they see themselves struggling to survive in a world marked by competition, often struggle with their occupation. Those with low self esteem often resort to addictive behaviors in an effort to numb out the pain and escape to a world that allows them a temporary release from their sufferings and problems 1.2. Statement of the Problem: Promotion of self esteem activities among alcoholic dependants 1.3. Objectives: 1.3.1 Assessment the self esteem level among alcoholics 1.3.2 Association of self esteem and Alcoholism 1.3.2 Assessment of the effectiveness of self esteem activities in promotion of self esteem among alcoholics. 1.4. Assumptions: 1.4.1. Self esteem level may be low among alcoholic dependants. 1.4.2. Practice of self esteem activities may improve the self esteem level among alcoholic dependants 1.5. Operational Definitions: 1.5.1. PROMOTION- refers to the improvement in level of self esteem among Alcoholic dependants. 1.5.2. SELF ESTEEM- perceived self concept of an alcoholic individual 1.5.3. ALCOHOLICS- a person craves alcohol, is unable to limit his or her drinking. 1.6. Promotion of Self-Esteem Activities Among Alcoholics Dependants: Conceptualization is the process of specifying what we mean when we use particular terms (Giemman) The conceptual framework is derived from Penders health promotion Model. In this study Individual characteristics and experience by physical, social psychological and occupational problems may change the level of self-esteem of the Alcoholic patients. Self-Esteem activities are promoted based on the patients problems may bring change in the level of self-esteem. It includes perceived benefit of Self-Esteem activities like Individual and Group activities. PENDERS HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholism 2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholism 1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholism: A study conducted on self esteem and Alcohol use on 61 Alcoholic dependants who were admitted in a rural Midwestern medical centre. An individuals reactions to his or her social environment are mediated by a sense of self esteem, low levels of self esteem are develop during Socialization. Results suggest that specific form of social support is important to recovering alcoholic dependants (Steffennhagen and Burns, 2006). A Pearson correlation was calculated examining the relationship between the amounts of alcohol consumed in the past 30 days and self esteem. A low to moderate correlation was found (r (23) =.250, p>.05). (Jeremy W.Lawing, 2006). A Study conducted on drinking problems and self-Esteem of college students,148 lower division college students were given the following paper and pencil tests: The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, and the Personal Self section of The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. College Students are having low self Esteem (F = 4.23, p = .04). Tabulation of the incidence of heavy drinking (31%).Result shows an drinking behavior of college students are having low self esteem(()swego,2005). A study was conducted on the effects of self esteem on substance abuse among homeless men. This experimental study involving 305 samples of homeless men was assigned randomly to the treatment group and Control group. Control group was referred to community based services, experimental subjects were exposed to individual therapy, group interventions, life skills and relapse prevention training residing in a 24 Hour shelter for three months. Results indicated that self-esteem was increased in experimental group than in control group (Brandon, 2004). A descriptive study was conducted on self-esteem and alcohol dependants. Study comprises of two groups such as alcoholic dependants as one group and non-alcoholics in another group. Study shown that alcoholic dependants have lowered self esteem compared to non alcoholics self esteem (Donnelly, 2003) A study was conducted to compare the level of self esteem among 30 alcoholics and 30 non alcoholic persons. They are assessed for self esteem using self esteem scale. The results showed that alcoholics had low self esteem when compared to non alcoholics(P A study conducted to identify the relationship between alcohol consumption and self esteem. Study comprises of 26 Samples (Employees of local retail store), their self esteem was assessed by using Rosenbergs self esteem scale. Results showed that alcohol consumption is strongly related to self esteem (T.F.Heatherson,2000). A Study conducted on how self esteem influences alcohol consumption Study comprises of 61 samples. Over the course of two weekends self esteem was measured using Rosenbergs self esteem scale. Study showed the results that self esteem is negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. In a study on adolescents drinking behavior, adolescents with high self esteem reported consuming less alcohol than adolescents with low self esteem. (Gerrerd, Russell, 2000 A cross-sectional survey design investigated the relationship of substance use and self esteem. Self -esteem was assessed using Hare Self-esteem Scale. Four hundred and eleven samples were completed the survey. Results revealed that there is a direct relationship between alcohol use and self-esteem (F=12.8,df=2,343,p,.00001).Regardless recent alcohol abusers had the lowest self-esteem scores and never users had the highest scores(F.X.Gibbons,2000). A study says that low self-esteem is the universal common denominator among all people suffering from addictions. Low self-esteem is the true disease and it is the underlying origin of all problematic behaviors that plagues the world (Candito, 1996). A prospective study of self-esteem and Alcohol Use Disorders in Early Adulthood. The relation among Self-esteem and Alcohol use disorder diagnoses was examined in a sample of 240 men evaluated at four annual assessments over the college years. The results support clinical observations that low self esteem plays a particularly important it eological role in alcohol problems in men (Fromme.K, 1989). A number of studies have indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, (Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1984). 2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholism A Study conducted on how group activity has an impact on self esteem among alcoholics. Study comprises 40 samples, 20 patients undergone group activities for 12 weeks in an inpatient setting and 20 patients as control groups. Patients in the intervention group showed significant enhancement in self esteem, social skills and self confidence where as there is no changes observed in control group (John Wiley, 2009) A Study was conducted how utilization of self esteem programs (Holistic Addiction Treatment Programme) plays an important role in Relapse prevention. Study comprises of 145 samples. Results show that 70 to 90 percentages, self esteem programs are effective in Relapse prevention and over all well-being to the treatment of recovering alcoholics (Harry Henshaw, 2007). A Study conducted on self esteem activities among Alcoholic patients. Study comprises of 43 samples, volunteers in the group undergone self esteem activities along with drug treatment, the other group only underwent drug treatment. Pretest-posttest comparison on a variety of physiological parameters indicated that significant improvements had occurred in psychological wellbeing including self esteem, self awareness, lifestyle adaptation and relapse prevention skills. Results suggest that promotion of self esteem activities improves self esteem among alcoholic dependants (Michael Peterson, Bryan johnstone, 2003) A study conducted on self-esteem and alcoholism among high school students total sample was 140(55males and 85 females) high school students. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (Moberg, 1983) which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1961). Study has showed that indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink (Butler, 1980; Young, Werch, Brakeman 1989) CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Designing a research involves the development of plan or strategy that will guide the collection and analysis of data. The present study is designed to promote the Self-esteem among Alcoholic Patients. The methodology of the study constitutes research design, setting, population and sampling criteria for the selection of samples and tool for data collection. 3.1. One Group Pre Test Post Test Design: 3.2. Setting: This study was conducted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore. The De-Addiction centre consists of 25 bedded 3.3. Population: The overall population for the study was alcoholic patients who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi DE-Addiction Centre from 28.06.2010 to 25.07.2010. 3.4 Sample size And Sampling Technique: Purposive sampling Technique was used to select samples who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre during the period of study.30 patients were selected as samples during the study. 3.5. Criteria for Selection of the Sample: Inclusion Criteria: Patients who were admitted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre Alcoholic patients with Low self esteem Exclusion Criteria: Patients who are not willing to participate in the study. Alcoholic dependants associated with Psychotic symptoms. 3.5. Instruments and Tool for Data Collection: The tool was prepared based on review of literature and guidance of experts from the field of Psychiatry. Section I: This section includes demographic variables like age, education, family Income, occupation, marital status, marital disharmony, Type of Family Duration of Alcohol intake Consumption of alcohol, physical and psychological problems. Section II: This section consists of modified Rutgerss Alcohol Problem Index scale. It is a useful tool to assess the problem index among alcoholic patients. It consists of 15 questions. Section III: This section has an index to measure persons self-esteem. It consists of 20 statements to assess the level of self-esteem of alcoholic dependants. Score Interpretation: Self -Esteem Assessment Scale consists of 20 statements of assessment of patients level of self esteem. The total score is 60, patient who scores the item 3 and more than 46 is having low self-esteem. Section IV: This section consists of intervention for Low self -Esteem such as Individual activities and Group activities. Individual Activities: Promoting individually performing activities. The patients are encouraged to do individual activities such as Art writing and Reading Newspapers. Group Activities: Group activities is two or more individuals unite together to promote an same activity. Patients are encouraged to do psychodrama (Group was given a theme, group members act out based on the theme) and Outdoor games (Tenniequots) 3.6. Variables of the study: Independent variable: Self-esteem activities. Dependant variable: Alcoholic dependants. 3.7. Techniques for Data Analysis and Interpretation: The tables were formulated for base line information such as age, education, occupation, type of family, marital disharmony, income per month, amount of alcohol intake, duration of alcohol intake, physical and psychological symptoms. Paired test was used to analyze the significant difference in the level of self-esteem before and after promoting self esteem activities. 3.7.1. Pairedttest: The test was used to point out the effect of promotion of self esteem activities among alcoholic patients. t=d SD/ n SD= (d-d) Here d=Mean difference between pretest and posttest score. SD=Standard Deviation of the Pre test and post test Sore n=Number of Samples. Pilot study report Pilot study was conducted for a period of 2 weeks, from 28th May 2010 to 11th May 2010, to test the practicability of the tool and feasibility of conducting the main study. Study was conducted in Psychiatric ward of P S G Hospital. For pilot study 5 samples were selected. Data were collected by interview method. Through the pilot study it was proved that self esteem activities in promotion of self esteem. The researcher would like to continue the study to promote self esteem among alcoholic dependants. Changes brought after pilot study During the pilot study, self esteem level was assessed and found to be low among alcoholic dependants. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine each component of the data provided. This form of analysis is just one of the many steps that must be completed when conducting a research experiment. Data from various sources gathered, reviewed, and then analyzed to form some sort of finding or conclusion. There are a variety of specific data analysis method, some of which include data mining, text analytics, business intelligence, and data visualizations. 4.1. General Profile of alcoholic Dependants 1. Age Among thirty alcoholic dependants, six patients were at the age of 21-30 years, fifteen patients were at the age of 31-40years, seven patients were at the age between 41-50 years and two patients were between 51-60years. 2. Education Most of the alcoholic dependants were completed their secondary education, seven patients had completed primary education, six patients completed higher secondary education and seven had graduate degree. 3. Occupation: A. Type of Work It was found that ten were doing business, five were farmers, four were engineers, two were bus drivers and there was one from each category like tailor, rashion shop, goldsmith, shopkeeper, hotel supervisor, massion, mandapam decorator, Carpentor, cable TV Manager. B. Hours of Work Hours of work for alcoholic dependants were varying from6-15 hrs. Most of them nineteen were working between 11-15 hrs and eleven patients were working 6-10 hours per day. C. Income per Month Income of alcoholic dependants varied depends upon their occupation, fifteen were earning between Rs.6000-10000 per month, eight patients were earning between Rs.11000-15000 per month, four were earning between Rs.1000-5000 per month, three patients were earning between Rs 16000-20000 per month. D. Conflict in Work Area Majority of alcoholic dependants, twenty expressed no conflict in work area and ten had conflict in their work area. 4. Family history A. Marital status Twenty four patients were married, six patients were unmarried. B. Marital disharmony: Thirty alcoholic dependants came out with the problem of and only eleven patients had no such problems. C. Relationship with spouse: Among the alcoholic dependants, twelve patients were maintaining good relationship with their spouse and twelve patients were not maintaining good relationship with spouse. D. Relationship with children: Twenty two were maintaining good relationship with their children and two patients were not maintaining good relationship with children. E. Type of Family: Among twenty four alcoholic dependants, six patients were from joint family and eighteen from nuclear family. F. Family History of Alcoholism: There is no family history of alcohol intake among twenty five alcoholic dependants and only five patients were having the family history of alcoholism. 5. Social History: A. Social Support: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, one had Peer group support, three had support from friends, and twenty six had family support. 6. Alcoholic History: A. Duration of Alcohol Intake In years: Duration of 11-15-years of alcohol intake was found among fifteen alcoholic dependants, 6-10years among ten alcoholic dependants, 1-5years among three alcoholic dependants and 16-20 years among two alcoholic dependants. B. Consumption of Alcohol started by: Most of the patients twenty five were started consuming alcohol through friends, three started by their relatives and two started by their family members. C. Quantity of Alcohol when started (Bear in ml): Majority of the alcoholic dependants, twenty three started with 100-300ml of bear while seven alcoholic dependants were stated with 700-900ml of bear. D. Quantity of Alcohol at present (Hot): At present eleven alcoholic dependants was consuming 700-900ml of hot which is more than nineteen alcoholic dependants consuming 400-600ml. E. Time of drinking Alcohol: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, twelve patients were taking alcohol in the evening, four were taking alcohol in the morning and evening, fourteen were taking alcohol throughout the day. F. Money spent on Alcohol Consumption: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, most of them twenty two spent Rs 4000-6000per month for alcohol consumption seven spent Rs7000-9000 per month and one spent Rs 1000-3000 per month. G. Motivation for treatment of Alcoholism: Maximum number of patients thirteen were motivated by self, seven were motivated by already treated patients in de-addiction centre, five were motivated by family members and five were motivated by Relatives. H. Reason for Alcoholism: Seventeen patients were started on alcoholism due to psychological factors such as wifes death, job stress etc, thirteen patients were started due to peer group pressure and none had the reason of physical and psychiatric illness. TABLE 4 1 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS 1 AGE IN YEARS 21-30 6 31-40 15 41-50 7 51-65 2 2 EDUCATION Primary 7 Secondary 10 Higher secondary 6 Graduate 7 3 OCCUPATION A.TYPE OF WORK Business 10 Farmer 5 Tailor 1 Accountant in Rashionshop 1 Goldsmith 1 Hotel Supervisor 1 Driver 2 Construction Worker 1 Engineers 4 Mandapam Decorator 1 Carpenter 1 Cable T.V. Manager 1 B.HOURS OF WORK 6 10 11 11 15 19 C.INCOME PER MONTH 1000-5000 4 6000-10,000 15 11,000-15,000 8 16,000-20,000 3 D.CONFLICT IN WORK AREA Present 10 Absent 20 4 FAMILY HISTORY A.MARITAL HISTORY Married 24 Single 6 B.MARITAL DISHARMONY Present 13 Absent 11 C.RELATIONSHIP WITH SPOUSE Maintains good relationship 12 Not maintains good relationship 12 D.RELATIONSHIP WITH CHILDREN Maintains good relationship 22 Not maintains good relationship 2 E.TYPE OF FAMILY Joint family 6 Nuclear family 18 F.FAMILY HISTORY OF ALCOHOLISM Present 5 Absent 25 SOCIAL HISTORY A.SOCIAL SUPPORT Neighbors 0 Peer group 1 Friends 3 Family 26 5 ALCOHOLIC HISTORY A.DURATION OF ALCOHOL INTAKE IN YEARS 1 5 3 6 10 10 11 15 15 16-20 2 B.CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL STARTED BY Friends 25 Family members 2 Relatives 3 Self 0 C.QUANTITY OF ALCOHOL WHEN STARTED (BEAR) ML 100-300 23 400-600 7 700-900 0 D.QUQNTITY OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AT PRESENT(HOT)ML 100-300 0 400-600 19 700-900 11 E.TIME OF DRINKING ALCOHOL Morning 0 Evening 12 Both 4 Throughout the Day 14 F.MONEY SPENT ON ALCOHOLISM 1000-3000 1 4000-6000 22 7000-9000 7 G.MOTIVATION FOR TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM Family members 5 Relatives 5 Self 13 Treated patients 0 H.REASON FOR ALCOHOLISM Physical Illness 0 Psychiatric Illness 0 Psychological Illness 17 Peer group Influence 13 4.2. Assessment of Problem Index among Alcoholic Dependants: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, Majority of alcoholic dependants are not able to work, inability to carryout responsibilities, had fight with relatives, neglected by relatives, advised by relatives and friends, to stop alcohol, noticed a change in personality, most of them felt guilty,neede more alcohol to get the same effect previous one, and felt physically and psychologically dependant on Alcoholism. TABLE 2 ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM INDEX n=30 S.No PROBLEM STATEMENTS 1 2 3 4 1 Not Able To Work 10 15 5 0 2 Neglected Responsibilities 10 15 5 0 3 Had Fight With Others 20 5 5 0 4 Neglected By Relatives 10 14 6 0 5 Advised By friends, neighbours, relatives to stop alcohol 0 20 10 0 6 Kept Promised To Stop Drinking 10 12 8 0 7 Noticed A Change In Personality 12 16 2 0 8 Felt Guilty 0 23 7 0 9 Forgetting Places 16 14 0 0 10 Fainted Suddenly 26 4 0 0 11 Gone Suddenly 26 3 1 0 12 Needed More Alcohol To Get The same Effect As Of previous One 0 20 6 4 13 Tried To Control Drinking 16 8 6 0 14 Stopped Drinking Because Of Withdrawal Symptoms 20 10 0 0 15 Felt physical or Psychologically dependant On Alcohol 0 16 10 4 Score Interpretation: 1.None of the Time, 2.1-2 Time, 3.3-4 Times, 4.More than five times 4.3. Assessment of Level of Self-Esteem among alcoholic Dependants: Fifty one patients were got admitted in kasthuriba Gandhi de-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore in the month of July. Among them thirty alcoholic dependants were selected for the study based on the exclusion criteria. Level of self-esteem was assessed for each patient by using self-esteem assessment tool. All thirty alcoholic dependants were having low self-esteem that they become anger when criticized, afraid to try new things, showing difficulty in performing social activities and social interaction. All the alcoholic Dependants were scored the level of self-esteem score between50-60. 4.4. Promotion of Self-Esteem Activities: Self-Esteem activities are promoted by scheduling as individual and group activities. Individual activities are promoted in the morning and group activities are promoted in the evening to boost up self-esteem among Alcoholic dependants. TABLE 3 Self-Esteem Activities Protocol S. No Time Activities 1 Morning Individual Activities 8.30-9.30am A. Self Reporting 11.00-12.00Noon B. Art Writing 2 Afternoon Group Activities 1.30-3.00Pm A. Psychodrama 3.30-5.00Pm B. Tenniquoite TABLE 4 ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem No. of. Patients Pre test 1. Self- Esteem Score (>46) 30 SCORE INTERPRETATION: Problems with low self-esteem are indicated by a total score higher than 46 TABLE 5 ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of self-Esteem No. of. Patients Pretest Post test 1. Self-Esteem Score( 30 0 TABLE 6 COMPARISON OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE AND AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem Pre test Post test 1 Self-Esteem Score(>46) 30 30 2. Self-Esteem Score( 0 30 INTERPRETATION: Thirty alcoholic Dependants were scored > 46 before promoting Self-Esteem activities. But after promoting Self-Esteem Activities they have scored TABLE 7 Difference in pretest and Posttest Self-Esteem Score of Alcoholic Dependants S. No Pretest Score Posttest Score Difference 1 56 33 23 2 54 36 22 3 56 32 24 4 56 32 24 5 55 30 25 6 54 33 21 7 52 34 22 8 52 33 21 9 55 33 22 10 55 32 23 11 54 31 23 12 54 30 24 13 56 33 23 14 54 31 23 15 55 32 23 16 56 33 23 17 56 33 23 18 54 33 21