Nagel, Chisholm, and Locke - Metaphysics of the Mind Essay Example for Free

Nagel, Chisholm, and Locke Metaphysics of the Mind EssayIt is very difficult to attribute characteristics to a discernment when we know it does non actually come through in the physical realm. Though, person-to-person individuality has been connected to the mind. However, it is tricky to determine what exactly comprises unrivalleds own(prenominal) identity operator operator. Although it is a difficult concept to grasp, philosophers such as Nagel and Chisholm attempt to construct their own fructify on the characteristics of the mind. By comparing Nagel and Chisholms positions on ain identity, it is evident that identity is a development of both body and mind. Nagel shows that we cannot decently constitute a mind, and if this is the case then it is impossible to attribute personal identity to a mind. In turn, he attacks the idea that personal identity can be defined in terms of physical attributes. Chisholm shows that although things atomic number 18 constantly chang ing, they tranquillize remain the same. He argues that it is the mind that holds our identity, regardless of physical alteration. In my view, the physicalist perspective of identity is the most logical when contrasted to the mentalist argument simply due to the fact that we do flummox a self-identity, and Nagel does not attempt to define what it is.Lockes argument finds a middle ground between Nagel and Chisholm as he argues for a sure and bodily continuity of the mind. In order to identify the mind-body problem and argue that identity is a development of the mind, Nagels position must be analyzed. Firstly, when addressing the mind-body problem, Nagel states that ane cannot explain the mind body relationship through logic, functions, or intentions. He argues that these states can be ascribed to robots that may indeed be bind like people, however robots do not screw anything, and it is experience that influences the mind (436).Nagels bat analogy helps solidify his position on ex perience which is that no nonpareil can experience the same thing as another. He claims that even to form a conception of what it is Kristen Biduk 6949215 like to be a bat sensation must draw off up the bats point of view (442). Meaning, ane must arrest the same thinking patterns as the other which Nagel argues is impossible. He argues that it is our consciousness which provides the mind-body problem. Although one can relate to what it is like to be a bat, it is impossible to fully comprehend it because in order to become a bat, conscious-ness must be forgotten.For that reason, one cannot know that others have a mind, but one can perceive that they do. Chisholm opens his argument with providing an analysis of the Ship of Theseus and explains that identity is transitive, meaning that it is constantly changing. Similarly, he uses the lawsuit of the river and how although it is the same exact river, it is given different identities based on geographical location. The identity of the river is changing. base on his view of alteration, Chisholm suggests three possibilities for alteration and identity.Firstly, we can recall the transitivity of identity, but he proves this to be a problem. His second suggestion is that nothing alters, but this too proves to be problematic. For example, if one was to cross the border of the unify States of America and the border patrol officer asked if he was the same as the person in the photo, he would say no. Because, when that photo was taken he had certain characteristics, and now, x amount of years later he has different characteristics, and is therefore a different person. Clearly this is an issue.Thirdly, he analyzes Butlers position on the misuse of the word is in that, for example there exists something at a certain place (P) at a certain time (t) that is akin with same thing at a different place (Q) at a different time (t1). By saying identical, he means they exist in together, however it is mathematically impossib le. He concludes that such things are entia per alio (made of). Entia per alio is something that exists because a Kristen Biduk 6949215 mind makes it up. For example, a pencil is entia per alio because without a mind, it is simply an endeavor. The mind makes the pencil an object for writing. Without a mind giving meaning to something, that something has no identity.In regards to self-identity, I find it difficult to agree with the mentalist perspective. Nagels writing, What is it like to be a batter? does not provide sufficient insight to the development of self and self-identity. He bases his writing solely based on defining the mind. It is true to say that we cannot properly identify a mind. How can we as a whole, understand something we do not actually know exists? We can assume it exists but it provides no understanding. Based on this belief, Nagel concludes that because we cannot properly identify a mind, we cannot connect personal identity to a mind.But where can we find ou r personal identity? He claims that our identity does not lie within our physical attributes which leaves identity suspending in the air. The mentalist perspective is limiting in the sense that it does not take in to composition out of doors variables that can impact ones identity. We are not born with an identity and I feel as though Nagels position is implying that we are. Additionally, our identity is developed from our consciousness, and we do not become conscious of ourselves at infancy.We develop our self-identity through time and it is consistently changing. Chisholm is much more realistic when it comes to defining personal identity. We cannot assume that our identity is purely based on our minds, for our minds are influenced by our physicality. In turn, our physicality is influenced by society. We identify with ourselves based on what others think of us. For example, if soulfulness weighs three hundred pounds, they may identify themselves as unhealthy because that is what society has told them. Similarly, if that three hundred pound person lost weight and now weighed one hundred and thirty pounds, that Kristen Biduk 6949215 person may identify themselves as healthy.If they used diet and exercise as a method to lose the weight, they may identify as athletic. This proves that personal identity is indeed transitive. It go forth always be in a constant state of change depending on the influences around them. We have identity because others around us have provided us with our identity. One could argue then that if one was to lose only ten pounds then identity will not change because the change is only slight. If we analyze the Ship of Theseus once more, Chisholm argues that slight changes still have an impact on our identity because our identity is always changing.By using the problem of Theseuss ship however, it gives us ideas of identity for inanimate objects. One could argue that it is not relatable to beings with consciousness however I would have t o disagree. Our consciousness, or our memories are what hold our self-identity. If we lose an arm or leg, we are still the same person because our minds still hold our memory. While the mentalist perspective does not take into account physical impressions, and the physicalist perspective lacks some insight on our own consciousness, Locke provides an explanation that touches on both sides.Locke argues for a conscious continuity and not a bodily one. He begins with clarifying that all minds have a common structure wherein there are two qualities within our identity elemental and secondary. The primary quality consists of consciousness. I can identify with myself because I am conscious of my own existence. The secondary qualities consist of qualities that are changing, such as whisker length or weight.He insists that our primary qualities are what provide us with identity however he agrees that secondary qualities must be analyzed. Our secondary qualities are always changing while ou r primary qualities are static. Without the secondary qualities, our identity would not change, Kristen Biduk 6949215 which Chisholm proved. In comparison to both Nagel and Chisholm, Lockes argument holds the truest because he takes into account both perspectives and develops the most logical understanding of identity. Additionally, Locke states that there is a first and third person perspective on identity. The first person identity is what one makes of himself.The third person helps confirm ones identity. Both of these together help form ones true personal identity. For one without foreign influences has nothing to base their identity on. For example, if one was to look at cases of people raised in isolation, it will be seen that they have no sense of candor or identity. They were left to their own thoughts with no outside stimulation. When they leave their isolated prisons, they rediscover their identity by identifying with their outside influences. In conclusion, it is almost impossible to disembarrass the mind/body problem.Both Nagel and Chisholms perspectives on identity are fairly vague and both lack a deeper understanding of the mind. I unfeignedly believe that it is the mind that holds our identity. However an identity is highly structured by its outside influences. Without a body or without society, one would have no identity. few can argue that there can be a mind without a body, but it just doesnt make rational sense. If hypothetically, one was to have their mind switched into a different body, he would still identify as himself. For it is our mind that holds our identity, however our mind is within a body.

Gender Roles in American Households Essay Example for Free

Gender Roles in American Households EssayThe social pheno manpoweron of changing gender situations in American business firms is explored in this paper. Are men and women sharing more equally in assuming firm responsibilities? Do women still bear the majority of the function? How do persist, age, and cultural influence play a role in the division of labor in the household? I contain through search on the change in gender roles among people of different ages, genders, and run away. Data was collected to see if there is a difference in change amidst races, if there is a significant change in roles between generations, and if men and women view the change the same or differently. To gain the entropy I utilize subjecting and hearinging as my look into methodologies. These methods were used as they were the most practical ways to obtain enough info needed to form conclusions. Caucasic, Asiatic, and African Americans of both(prenominal) genders and diverse ages were loted and interviewed. I feel my research will show that with each generation, as more women entered the work force, the households of all races have undergone significant change in which women and men are sharing both work and domestic duties more equitably.That being said, the distribution of domestic chores does contribute to household stratification of gender roles. both(prenominal) currently and historically race plays a role in that stratification. Gender role research is socially relevant because each individual in a household is impacted by it. Gender roles in the household can be a factor in whether a marriage is happy and successful. They as well as influence decision making in the family and parent and child relationships. Researchers could use my data to delve deeper into the impact of gender roles in different types of households.Since everyone grows up in some type of household setting, the research could have far reaching implications for most of the population. Th e first research method I choose to collect data is the survey. Using a survey to collect data allowed me to reach a large number of people. Family and friends helped in distributing and collecting the surveys. My parents work at a hospital, my auntie is a teacher, and my friend attends a large university. That allowed me to reach the age groups, genders, and races I needed in order to collect enough data.Included in my survey were both questions about today and about the past. In addition, using a survey allowed me to ask questions that were non opened ended and could easily be reborn to statistical data. In the end, I had responses from a minimum of fifteen respondents in each of eighteen categories. The categories are Caucasian distaffs ages 19-30, Caucasian males ages 19-30, Caucasian females ages 31-49, Caucasian males ages 31-49, Caucasian females ages 50 and above, Caucasian males age 50 and above, and the same for both African Americans and Asian Americans.Because of the large number of groups I needed to collect data on, I felt 15 individuals per category would be a large enough number to nettle a representative sample. I looked at the responses and felt I had a good sample. Had that not been the case, I would have handed out more surveys. Included in the survey were questions on the household the person grew up in and questions about their household today. For example, respondents were asked if they were raised in a 2 parent house. This is a question I checked the responses to when I determined if I had collected enough surveys.It was necessary to have enough positive answers to this question since gender roles is the issue I am looking at. Also on the survey were questions asking your race and age, who you were raised by, if your mformer(a) worked outside the home, percentage of division of household chores, and whether the perceived change in gender roles is positive. I did not have any problems with the survey itself. The only difficulty wa s finding fifteen respondents for a few of the categories. The second research methodology I used was the interview.In interviewing I was hoping to be able to ask follow up questions and steer the interview in a direction that would supply me with the information I needed. The survey did not lend itself to follow up questions. In addition, participant observation and experimentation methodologies were not at all suited to investigate the question of changing household gender roles. I interviewed one person from each of the three races I was researching. In addition, each was from a different age category.All of the interviews were conducted separately as I would not have wanted to inconvenience the people who were nice enough to participate. All were interviewed once in an informal manner since I rely that discussing your childhood and present home life is best accomplished in a comfortable setting. I interviewed Dr. Espejo, a 49 year old of Asian decent by telephone as she was una vailable in person. Helen Bonokallie, a 24 year old of African decent was my second interview. I speak with Helen at her workplace as she works third shift and that was most convenient for her.My uttermost(a) interview was with Sylvia Johnson, a 66 year old Caucasian. I interviewed her in her living room. I have known Sylvia my entire life and have a close personal bond with her. Aside from choosing my subjects for interviewing and directing the questions to get the answers I needed I did not shape the outcome of the interview. The survey results revealed several trends related to gender roles in American families. The pursual charts and statistical digest help to clarify the collected data from the surveys.The three tables that follow represent each of the three races I surveyed. Each chart shows the three age groups surveyed and their responses to two questions. The first, as a child what percentage of household work was make by each of your parents? The second, in your home today, what percentage of household work is done by the male and what percentage is done by the female? Looking at the charts a few trends are seen. First, regard slight of race, the percentage of work done by the male is greater in the adult household as compared to the father in the childhood home.That indicates that with each generation gender roles in the home have changed. Ratio of CaucasianCaucasianCaucasianCaucasianCaucasianCaucasian work doneAge 19-30Age 19-30Age 31-49Age 31-49Age 50+Age 50+ femalemalechildhoodadultchildhoodadultchildhood adult In %householdhouseholdhouseholdhouseholdhouseholdhousehold 50-504%40%0%38%0%0% 60-400%40%4%31%0%40% 70-3012%20%15%23%0%40% 75-250%0%11%8%0%13% 80-2014%0%0%0%20%7% 85-1512%0%11%0%3%0% 90-1058%0%30%0%30%0% 95-50%0%11%0%27%0% 100-00%0%18%0%20%0%.Ratio of AsianAsianAsianAsianAsianAsian work doneAge 19-30Age 19-30Age 31-49Age 31-49Age 50+Age 50+ femalemalechildhoodadultchildhoodadultchildhood adult householdhouseholdhouseholdhouseholdhouse holdhousehold 50-500%26%0%0%0%0% 60-400%39%0%16%0%0% 70-307%30%0%36%0%28% 75-2510%0%0%12%0%0% 80-2023%5%17%24%3%22% 85-157%0%10%12%13%0% 90-1050%0%30%0%23%36% 95-50%0%30%0%25%0% 100-03%0%13%0%36%14% Ratio of African AfricanAfricanAfricanAfricanAfrican work doneAge 19-30Age 19-30Age 31-49Age 31-49Age 50+Age 50+ femalemalechildhoodadultchildhoodadultchildhood adult householdhouseholdhouseholdhouseholdhouseholdhousehold 50-500%0%0%0%0%6%.60-400%63%0%18%0%18% 70-3031%31%7%28%0%38% 75-2531%0%8%12%5%7% 80-2015%6%8%36%25%12% 85-150%0%23%0%0%0% 90-1023%0%46%6%30%19% 95-50%0%8%0%25%0% 100-00%0%0%0%15%0% In addition, under no circumstance did the males of any race or age perform more household work than the females. The data also shows that there is no difference in gender roles today among Caucasians, African Americans, and Asian Americans in the 19-30 age group. In the Asian American group of individuals fifty and older, 72% of women still do 80-100% of the household work today.In contrast, in the same age group, only 7% of Caucasian women and 31% of African American women perform 80-100% of household work. According to the 2004 United States Census, 69% of Asians were born in another country (Lee and Pituc 2007). This is significant in that many older Asian-Americans adhere to traditional cultural values. Traditional Asian gender roles prescribe for women to place the role of wife and mother above all others men are expected to be the breadwinner and spokesperson.Asian cultural values consequently encourage distinct spheres for men and women and a gendered household division of labor in which the burden of household duties such as housekeeping tasks and childcare rest heavily on women (Lee and Pituc 2007 1). The following graph was compiled based on the survey question did your mother work outside the home? The y-axis is percentage of working mothers and the x-axis is the age of those surveyed. The graph shows that over eon more mothers have become workers outside t he home.It also indicates that for all age categories 70% of African American women were in the workforce. Kane stated White women have a history of lower levels of labor force participation and higher levels of economic dependence on men than do African-American women (2000 p. 421). This graph when looked at in conjunction with the 3 charts above shows a correlation between women working outside the home and men giving more help around the house. The last survey question was do you think the change in gender roles in the household is positive or negative. The results were 99% positive and 1% negative.The information obtained from my interviews mirrored the information I got from the surveys. Talking to Sylvia, the 66 year old Caucasian, the idea that generation and women in the workplace play a part in changing gender roles was reinforced. Sylvia related what her home was like as a child, indicating that household work was entirely done by her non-working mom. Her home on the other hand is different in that her husband does help out to some extent. She also said her childrens homes are even more equitable when it comes to dividing household chores.Dr. Espejos parents worked together and shared responsibilities in the home. It is the same in her home today, where she and her husband, both physicians, share household duties. Dr. Espejo stated that she feels sharing of household responsibilities strengthens the relationship between a husband and wife and between parents and children. This may be explained by a 2003 study conducted by Y. Espiritu. Trask (2006) states Based on an analyses of various studies of Asian-American families, Espiritu found that more educated couples tended to share and practice greater egalitarian relationships within households.While women still performed more of the housework, their husbands did participate in all aspects of family work. This increased participation by men may be explained due to an equal monetary contribution from me n and women which led to wives successfully forcing their husbands to participate in domestic chores. (P. 4) In my interview with Helen, she pointed out that sharing responsibility around the house helps to equalize the stress between both male and female.In the African- American household she grew up in her father did the cooking and laundry while her mother cleaned and helped the children with homework. A recent study has a possible explanation for the sharing of household work in Helens childhood home. The study concluded, When referencing the family and work, black men may be less traditional because they are more sensitive to oppression in general, may share resistance with black women to racial inequality, and often gain acceptance of women in the workforce during early years while being raised by a single working mother (Carter 2006 209).In addition, Blee and Tickamyer state, African American men do not equate masculinity with success, wealth, ambition, and power, but rather with self-determinism and duty (1995 p. 21). All three interview subjects expressed that change in gender roles where there is a more equal distribution of household responsibilities is very positive. The research I have done shows that over time gender roles have changed among the three races I studied. Every group I looked at had fathers who helped out less around the house than the males in their homes today.One important reason for this could be the fact that over time more women have entered the workforce outside the home. It scarcely has become a necessity for men to help out more around the house. In addition to more women in the work force, culture and race play a role in gender and the household stratification of gender roles. Culture remains important to many Asians Americans, especially the older generation. In those cultures Asian men are seen as the breadwinner and women as household caretakers. That dictates women being almost entirely responsible for the household.I n contrast, African American men do not define their masculinity by success, but instead by accountability. That leads to many African American men being more equitable in sharing household chores. Since everyone in a household is affected by gender roles, this subject is very important socially. It is a subject worth investigate further as the findings could impact many people. References Blee, Kathleen and Ann Tickamyer. 1995. Racial Differences in Mens Attitudes about Womens Gender Roles. In Journal of Marriage and Family. Vol. 57, pps 21-30.Carter, J. Scott and Mamadi Corra. 2009. The interaction of Race and Gender Changing Gender Role Attitudes, 1974-2006. In Social Science Quarterly. Vol. 90, pps 196-211 Kane, Emily. 2000. Racial and Ethnic Variations in Gender-Related Attitudes. In Annual Review of Sociology. Vol. 26, pps 419-436 Lee, Sandra and Stephanie Pituc. 2007. Asian Women and Work-Family Issues. In Sloan Work and Family Research Encyclopedia. pps 1-6 Trask, Bahi ra. 2006. Traditional Gender Roles. In Sloan Work and Family Research Encyclopedia. pps 1-5.

Possibility Of Travelling Through Wormholes In Space Time Philosophy Essay

Possibility Of Travelling Through Wormholes In Space Time Philosophy EssayWormhole is a tunnel connecting cardinal opposite principals in billet time. It is also known as Einstein-Rosen bridge (1935). The objective of this study is to investigate is it possible to motivity through the wormholes.1 IntroductionWormhole(named by conjuration Wheeler,physicist,1955) is the supposed(p) tunnel connecting two different points in spacetime in such a way that a trip through the wormhole could analyse practically little time. The spacetime tunnel is also known as Einstein-Rosen bridge (Einstein and Nathan Rosen,1935)Wormholes can be found in earth, but is a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimeter across Hawking(2010), so it cannot be seen by kinds naked eye.Travelling through wormhole or time machine can make human life to be more simple and inte tolerateing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the method that lead to build a time machine and travelling wormholes.2 Lit erature Review2.1 translationWormhole is a hypothetical tunnel which connects two different points in such a way that a trip through the wormhole could take much little time than a journey between the same starting and ending points in normal space in space time. Wormholes can bring home the bacon matter, cipher, and reading to travel to a distant point without passing through the space between the two points effectively circumventing the hop out cannonball along barrier that prevents it travels swift than feeble through normal space. Wormholes argon genuinely the natural part of the fabric of space-time or the quantum foam. These natural wormholes ar very small and short lived which the light cannot even pass through them. They are a popular feature of science fiction as they allow interstellar travel within human timescales.2.2 HistoryThe mathematician Riemann (1845), who is the first formulated higher-dimensional geometry and also the unmatchable who first discusses w ormholes. Riemann cuts (Riemanns Wormholes) are connections between spaces (multiply connected spaces) with zero length.Then, Einstein and his collaborator Rosen (Einstein-Rosen bridges ,1935) discover the relativistic of char holes requires wormholes at their center which seem to connect the center of a black hole with a mirror universe on the other(a) billet of space time. However, due to the center of a black hole singularity, wormhole could not be traversed as the point of infinite space time curvature where the soberness would also be infinite and all matter would be crushed to its most fundamental constituents. In additional, to travel through the wormhole would require motion fast than the speed of light which is a physical impossibility.2.3 How is wormholes formWormholes are guideed possible based on (Einsteins scheme of relativity, 1916), who states that, any mass curves space time. To understand this curvature, deal about two people holding a bed sheet up and stre tching that sheet tightly. If one person is to place a baseball on the bed sheet, the weight of the baseball would roll to the middle of the sheet and causes the sheet to curve at that point similar if a marble were laid on the edge of the same bed sheet, it would travel toward the baseball because of the curve.In this example, space is depicted as a two-dimensional plane rather than the 4 dimensions which actually make up space time. Imagine that is the sheet is folded over and leaving a space between the top and bottom. If place the baseball on the top side will form a curvature. If an equal mass is placed on the bottom part of the sheet at a point that corresponds with the location of the baseball on the top, the second mass would eventually meet with the baseball. This is similar to how wormholes might form.In space, masses that place pressure on different parts of the universe could eventually come together to form a tunnel which is a wormhole. We could travel from Earth to a nother galaxy and return fend for relatively quickly within a lifetime.3 Finding and Discussion3.1 Wormholes exist in our earthAccording to Stephen Hawking( physicist and cosmologist), everyone knows that all physical object has triplet dimensions, they are length, width and height. But, there is another type of length that is length in time. Everything has length in time including space. Travelling in time direction travelling through this fourth part dimension. By imagine of doing a car travel, drove in a straight line and travelling in one dimension, then turn right or left and this is already adding the second dimension. After that, by driving up or down is actually adding the triad dimension, height. So, this is the three dimensions. The fourth dimension is by travelling in time. There is a concept of making the time machine to travel through the fourth dimension.Nothing is flat or solid. If by looking closely at anything, holes and wrinkles can be found. It is a very basic principle even applies to time. notwithstanding something as smooth as a pool ball has tiny crevices, wrinkles, and voids. Same as the fourth dimension, there are tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids in time. plenty at the smallest of scales, smaller even than molecules or atoms, this is so called quantum foam. This is where wormholes exist. Tiny tunnels through space and time constantly form, disappear, and reform within this quantum world. They actually link two separate places and two different times. These real-life time tunnels are just a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimeter across. It is too small for human to pass through. Some scientists hypothesize that is possible to capture the wormholes and enlarge it by using enough power and advanced technology.Wormholes will happened just like sound system but nevertheless radiation instead of sound. Sound enters the microphone. Its transmitted a great the wires, made louder by the amplifier, and comes out at the speakers.3. 2 The leading of making time machineAccording to Albert Einstein, He realized that there should be places where time slows down, and others where time speeds up. The proof is in the space. One of the example is GPS, Global Positioning System. The heavier the object, the more it drags on time.A super-massive black hole is a time machine. It is a heaviest object in the galaxy. It wont destroy itself in a flash of feedback. But its pretty dangerous. Its a long way away and it doesnt even take us very far into the future. Fortunately there is another way to travel in time. And this represents our run short and outflank hope of building a real time machine.Hawking (2010) said that theres a cosmic limit of speed that is speed of light. But travelling by a speed near to the speed of light will brings you to the future. For example, the science-fiction transportation system. Imagine a track which goes right round the earth, a track for superfast train. consumption this imaginary train to get as close as possible to the speed of light and see how it becomes a time machine. On board are passengers with a one-way ticket to the future. The train begins to step on it, faster and faster. Soon, its circling the Earth over and over again. To reach the speed of light and cycling around the earth consider very fast and is 7 times per second. However, no matter how much power the train has, it can never quite reach the speed of light, since the laws of natural philosophy forbid it. Instead, lets say the speed gets close, Time starts flowing slowly on board relative to the rest of the world, just like near the black hole. Everything on the train is in slow motion. Imagine that the train left the station on January 1, 2050. It circles Earth over and over again for 100 years forward finally coming to a halt on New Years Day, 2150. The passengers will have only lived one week because time is slowed down that much inside the train. When they got out theyd find a very different world from the one theyd left. In one week theyd have travelled 100 years into the future. Of course, building a train that could reach such a speed is quite impossible. But we have built something very like the train at the worlds largest fraction accelerator at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.Deep underground, in a circular tunnel 16 miles long, is a stream of trillions of tiny particles. When the power is turned on, they accelerate from zero to 60,000mph in a fraction of a second. Increase the power and the particles go faster and faster, until theyre whizzing around the tunnel 11,000 times a second, which is almost the speed of light. But just like the train, they never quite reach that ultimate speed. They can only get to 99.99 per cent of the limit. When that happens, they are starting to travel in time. This because of some extremely short-lived particles, called pi-mesons. Ordinarily, they disintegrate after just 25 billionths of a second. But when they are accelerated near to light speed they last 30 times longer.3.3 Warp drive engineTwo physicists (Cleaver,G.B and Obousy,R ) from Baylor University (Waco, Texas) have outlined an engine on how to travel faster than light which is also called deviate drive could be created that would bend but not break the laws of physics. The warp engine is based on a design by Alcubierre (1994), known as Alcubierre drive which involves the fabric expansion of space behind a send out into a bubble and shrinking space-time in front of the ship. The ship would rest in between the expanding and shrinking space-time, essentially breakering down the side of the bubble.In addition, the tricky part is that the space itself would move underneath the stationary spacecraft but the ship would not actually move. The beam of light that far from the ship would left behind but the beam of light next to the ship would zoom away.This means that the ship would arrive at its destination faster than a beam of light by traveling the same distance. However, without violating Einsteins relativity (Einstein,A.1916) which says that it would take an infinite amount of energy to accelerate an object with mass to the speed of light, since the ship itself actually is not moving.3.4 11th dimensionMoreover, Cleaver and Obousy who are the other coauthor have manipulate the 11th dimension which is a special theoretical construct of m-theory (the offspring of string theory) to create the bubble and the ship would surf down.The bubble of puritanical energy could be created if the 11th dimension could be shrunk behind the ship. Hence, the same dark energy would cause the universe to speed up as time goes on. Thus, by expanding the 11th dimension in front of the ship would eventually cause it to decrease although two separate steps are take.At the end, how is the 11th dimension would be expanded and shrunk is still unknown. All the scientists still work hard for this. If there are extra dimensions and we could manipulate them, th at would extend up all sorts of exciting possibilities(Tufts University theoretical physicist Lawrence Ford).3.5 Overcoming a wormholes instability with negative energyThe main problem by using wormholes to travel in space or time is that they are inherently unstable. It would create fluctuations that cause the structure to collapse in upon itself when a particle enters a wormhole. There are theories (Thorne,1994) describe that a wormhole could be held open by some form of negative energy which represents a case where the energy density in space is actually negative.Therefore, sufficient quantity of negative energy might continue to hold the wormhole open while objects pass through it. This would be an absolute necessity to allow a wormhole to become a time portal. However, scientists lack a real understanding on how to get enough negative energy together, and most scientists imagine it is an impossible task.3.6 Relativity of dark energy and negative energyIn some models which are highly contrived, it may be possible to relate dark energy and negative energy because both of it exhibit a form of repulsive gravity even though dark energy is a absolute energy. However, the good news is that our universe appears to have dark energy in abundance, but it is looks like the dark energy is distributed throughout the universe.There is no stock-purchase warrant that stable wormholes can occur although String theory (Veneziano,1970) can provide potential sources of negative energy. Therefore, to find any way to store negative energy and use it to sustain a wormholes stability is far beyond current technology or maybe it is an impossible task.4 ConclusionWormhole is a hypothetical tunnel which allows everything to pass through without passing through the space between starting point and ending point. The wormholes may formed by allowing human to travel from Earth to another galaxy and return back relatively quickly within a lifetime.To travel through the wormhole, it m ust be travel faster than light. A Warp Drive Engine is outlined and based on a design by Alcubierre (1994), on how to travel faster than light. To overcome wormholes instability, it required negative energy but there is no guarantee that a stable wormholes can be occur even though String theory can provide potential sources of negative energy. According to Hawking (2010), wormhole is exists in the earth and it is possible to travel through .Number of words2150 words

Relationship between Architecture and Fashion

Relationship amid Architecture and FashionThe body discount be seen and thought of as a machine, a vehicle, as well as a building. accordingly it could be verbalise that dressing of an individual provides a definition of personal space as do architectural structures though they are bigger in scale. Fashion and computer architecture gather in many connections they twain aim to make shelter for the valet world and speculate our taste. In this construct, it is widely accepted that air and architecture relation st fine arted with the earliest men who used the same material for their clothing and for housing/shelter. This family descent has lead unairedr connections mingled with the two disciplines, such(prenominal) as, both handle generate commonalities in their end process which makes them share the same boundaries Both architects and style somaers aim to farm correct, soothing and beautiful forms for the human body.On the opposite hand, Architecture and Fashio n differ in many ways, such as, Fashion is fatal to die in shorter time than architecture, it is related to sm every last(predicate)er scale, and virtually importantly, Fashion is more ab tabu marketing and consumption opus Architecture is monumental and relates to timelessness. These differences exclusively attain a thread of commodification and commercialisation for Architecture. Architecture acts as a settler of space, i.e., it acts as a symbolic metaphor and an agent of the societys cultural values. Since the outer(a)(a) space reflects our inner spaces, this commodification and commercialisation might lead Architecture to lose its mission in the social life. Therefore this work suggests that Architecture should get occupied in human spaces, traditions and cultural values of the society, sustainability, eternity, and wholeness of the life, rather than temporality of behavior.This Masters Dissertation aims to explore the relationship betwixt Architecture and Fashion fro m conceptual, imagery, corporality and global perspectives. This con aims that in to daylights highly globalised world, it is almost impossible to practice architecture separate from fashion since both humanities are responsive to the individuals and the societies nuance and surround. In a conceptual sense, both Architecture and Fashion address psychological perceptions, and spatial structures. From the imagery visual view of point, both arts reflect the taste of the individuals who occupy those spaces, and from the materiality context, Architecture and Fashion have many in common, such as, use of fabrics and materials, use of technology, and from the global point of view, both arts and artists in these fields have an opportunity to interact closely with each other in especially socially responsive, more sustainable, and economical marking. The work sets out to explore the role of Fashion in Architectural design and visa verse from exploratory and interpretive perspectives, presenting preliminary findings from the literature survey, visual materials, manifestos of the designers, and personal observations and renderings. This study differs from the previous studies in the sense that although often of the literature finds out that the relation between Fashion and Architecture is almost a must and inevitable occurrence, and they propose closer relationships, this study proposes that this fact creates a risk for Architecture to depart from conceptualisation and to move towards commercialism and commodification.In this way, architecture becomes a consumer production, rather than the interpretation of the space. This thesis is further developed to design our Fashionable Hut. Architecturally, we aim to represent the timeless architecture tailored according to the timeliness of the contemporary era.IntroductionThe close relationship between Architecture and Fashion (hereafter AF) is often referred to the use of the same material for covering of his body and for building shelter of the earliest man. The recent exhibition on this relationship Skin + Bones (24 April 10 August 2008) has also explored several parallel practices between these two disciplines from 1980s to onwards. These practices included digital design process, use of complex geometry, colours, lines, lights, etc. Globalisation, which is widely accepted as the advancements in technology, particularly transportation and communication means, enabled both AF to develop more possibilities in design and flexibility in application. Thus one of the aims of this dissertation is to explore the common characteristics and interrelation between Architecture and Fashion in a global concept. In fact, this idea has arisen from the observation of parallel growth of materiality and identification in fashion and architecture designs and implementations.On the other hand, as this masters dissertation chief(prenominal) argument suggests, these close synergies between the two disciplines mig ht create the risk of commodification and commercialisation in architecture and rather than an ideology, architecture might become a consumer product. The reason for this idea is that fashion is marketing of desire tour architecture is monumental fashion is destined to die in a short time, temporary hookup architects aim eternity via their opuses and most importantly, fashion is a withall for joining to the society, being a part of it go architecture provides privacy, i.e. isolation from the rest of the world.Our primary(prenominal) argument is that, the close relationship between AF, could create a risk for architecture reducing the architectural ideology to the cladding and exterior picture, only.Regarding to the relation between AF, we take conceptual, visual-imagery, and contemporary age of globalisation approaches to explore the synergetic and disharmonious relation between the two fields. In the conceptual exploration, the concepts of peach tree and its relation to arch itecture will be showtime explored in order to find out fashions and architectures common aim to create the beautiful or double-dyed(a) shelter and fireside for the human being. From the conceptual point of view, both AF reflects the taste, identity, and culture of the individual and the society at a given period. However, this period is greatly short for Fashion compared to the eternity of architecture. If style is the spoken language of architecture, fashion represents the wide and swirling-cultural currents that shape and direct that language says Rybczynski, architectural reputation, as well as architecture comes on the fashions sway. Therefore, at its most basic, the mission of architecture is application of a style on a space in order to express our taste.On the identity side, the fashion system, as depict by Barthes (1983, 277) is a cultural object, with its own original structure, and probably, with a new finality through the language which henceforth takes charge of it, Fashion becomes narrative. Therefore fashion manipulates the visual language as a means of reflecting the identity of individuals in specific, and the culture of the society in general while architecture, in a broader sense goes beyond manipulating the visual language, but is more sophisticated in terms of manipulating the concept of the whole space. Fashion is somewhat a reflection of the embodied identity of a given group, such as, same gender, age group, occupational group, and so on, while architecture is for everyone in a given society. piece of music fashion is shaped by the individuals, architecture shapes the society through the spatial applications. In sum, fashion drive out be described as the wall of the body while architecture is the body itself and the dwelling surrounding that body.On the visual and imagery approach, AF share more in common, especially with the developments in material and digital techniques, such as, high tech textiles, pliable building material s, computer assisted design (CAD) software, and all that. One commonly observed contemporary fact that architecture and fashion are both enjoying the use of pliable and flexible materials which enables architects, such as, Zaha Hadid and Rem Koolhass to borrow pleating techniques from the fashion designers and fashion designers, such as, Lucy Orta and Yeohlee Teng borrowing from the concept of urban space and durability from architects However, these borrowings today are observed so frequently that it holds a danger for architecture to be reduced to come in, and the harmony between the outer and inner of the structure is almost lost (this will be further explored and discussed in the globalisation concept).From the contemporary view, several issues will be explored It can be said that contemporary era conditions, such as, computer aided designs, flexible and durable materials, technology and communication means which are available almost to everyone in the world as pushing factors Fashion, Architecture and other science and art branches interact better than those in the other(prenominal). The contemporary era is, of course, not without problems environmental issues, check sources (such as energy and water), global warming, immigration and civil rights, and so on. Hereof, it is observed that contemporary era1 designers should be more socially responsible and interact in these issues more. That is to say, design should not be consumed so fast, designers should act more environmental conscious and socially responsive, sameness in global cities might create a catastrophe, commodification and commercialisation should be avoided, the harmony between the inner and outer surfaces and dwellings should not be avoided. If these cannot be done because of the mass media and mass production, than fashioning the architecture is inevitable which is delineated in our Fashionable Hut. From a simple viewpoint, the role of fashion within architecture is persistent especially on the surfaces and faades, finishes, and appliqus. The purpose of this investigation is to object to the natural relationship between FA. The position of this thesis is that architecture should go back to its earliest form. This idea is further developed with the design component which attempts to build a wearable space in order to change the surface easily in line with clothing fashion. The architectural investigation centres on the question can architecture be fashioned rather than conceptualised? The rest of the work is catalogued as follows.Dissertation StatementIn todays ever changing environment art fields and designers are influenced by each other. However, when it comes the Fashion and Architecture interactions this relationship goes back as early as the Ice Age. This dissertation explores three dimensions of AF interactions with special vex on the African influence on Modernity cultural, visual-imagery and global concept where each of these will conduct individual sectio ns throughout the work.ObjectivesFashion and Architecture have many parallels in terms of their objectives and use of scales in addition to use of colours, angles, light, etc. The aim of this dissertation is twofold to understand the relationship between AF from the past practices and to design a structure representing the timelessness of the architecture compared to the short life of fashion.MethodologyAs for many arts and humanity studies, the nature of this dissertation is a qualitative one. Thus, data will be collected through sources, such as designers works, websites, and interviews in addition to analysis of exhibitions, collections, designs, and structures.Background OriginsIn the clich form, the relationship between these two disciplines back to the earliest mans use of the same materials for sheltering himself and for covering his body. At its most simplistic description, construction started with the earliest man building a shelter for him and so did the started when he c overed his body (with the same material). The evolution of this interaction, importantly from Sempers view of point will be discussed in the theoretical chapter of this work. For the time being, we first aim to distinguish fashion from clothing and architecture from construction by referring to their meanings.The word fashion comes from the Latin word facia meaning to make or a particular make or shape (Kawamura, 2005, p. 3). Although fashion is mostly used to express clothing trends, especially, womens clothing1 however, in a broader term (and for the purpose of this study) it refers to the rapid changes in trends that occurred especially after the nineteenth-century industrialization as a result of the developments in producing new fashion quickly and somehow inexpensively. Fashion constructs desire, and it is a fugitive process. Architecture, on the other hand, is not simply making or shaping the structure, as Colomina defines it architecture is the interpretation of the space. It is an experiential, interpretative and critical, consequence. Therefore architecture is a monumentary conceptual, ideological, and philosophic process which constructs vision in contrast to fashions visual aspects.AF interaction starts in a way of displaying the identity of an individual and creating the perfect spatial surface and structure, both fields share the idea of the human body and on ideas of space, volume, and political campaign and as well because both are a layer that communicates between the environment and body with the ability to convey identity on the personal, political, cultural and other levels within life and society . In linguistic terms, fashion could be described as the visualization of the image identity that the users want to reflect to the society. This identity is not necessarily to be the real identity of the person it is rather intimately what we want the society to think about us, but not really what we are in real life. Taking architecture as a language defined by Jencks, contemporarily, architecture could be both defined as the visualization of our REAL identities, and identity does not change as often as fashion trends do.However, as we conceive of it today (and for the purpose of this study), architecture is an experiential, critical, and interpretative practice rather than being about construction only. Therefore it dates back to the Greek Mythology of the Labyrinth (BC 3) where Daedalus who built the Cretan Labyrinth is regarded as the first architect. Nevertheless, be due to the interpretative nature of architecture, contrary to the myth, Daedalus was not the first architect since he built the labyrinth but did not understand its structure, Ariadne who interpreted the structure with the help of a device (a thread) should be regarded as the first architect (Colomina,). Fashion, on the other hand, developed in a different manner, while architecture aimed to shape the society, fashion was shaped by the society itself . In fact, apart from clothing as an ordinary definition, fashion started only in the AD 1700s in line with the merchant capitalism and accelerated during and after the Industrial Revolution since the working differentiate could effort to compete with the upper class in terms of clothing and dressing up 2. Therefore, from the historical perspective, we can talk about the links between AF only relating the period after the 18th C. But, what drove such a relationship? In other words, how did architecture collide in the realms of fashion, or vice-versa? adjoining section aims to answer these questions in order to maintain a theoretical background to our criticism regarding to todays condition.ConceptualityArchitectural history, it turns out, was ideally situated to deal with the figure of speech connotation of fashion as the history of clothing styles and the more specific use of fashion to designate the process of change peculiar to capitalism. Because architects active around the turn of the last century were have-to doe with directly with dress-either as an effort to reform modern appearance or as part of the scenography of interiors-and because they were deeply move with the temporal problematic of creating a modern style, their debates betray an interesting conflation of clothing as artifact and fashion as process, which in other fields has created ambiguity. To this they brought a theoretical heritage concerned with the origins or primordial basis of architecture as a fabrication of enclosure, shelter, or dwelling analogies to covering the body were standard, and textiles were postulated to have played a crucial role. Dress design has been an aspect .In fact, the closest relation between AF might be stated as to create the absolutely beautiful structures and spaces for the body. In order to interpret the space, as an architect, one should experience it, and the centre of the experiential world is the human body. Our bodies and movements are in unbroke n interaction with the environment the world and the self inform and redefine each other constantly . Then, is the mission of fashion to provide the most suitable and comfortable coverings for the body to sense the space? While the importance of body (as proportion, movement, etc.) was emphasised by Vitruvius in the BC20s, it was only in 1900s when corset was abolished from fashion, and more recent, in mid-sixties that (feminist) women argued dressing in a manner of unrestricting their actual movements.While the body and architecture and the body and fashion are so close, on the one hand, as Wigley emphasizes, architects tried to escape from the temporality and futility of fashion (represented as womanish ornaments in architecture) during the Modern Era, by their judgment that fashion (represented in ornament in architecture) is something feminine and ugly, on the other, many of those (male architects) Henry Van de Velde, Josef Hoffmann, Lilly Reich, Frank Lloyd Wright or their wiv es (Anna Muthesius, Lilli Behrens) designed clothes. Others, notably Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, and Hermann Muthesius, wrote about fashion . In order to understand this paradox, Kinney proposes to understand the post-modernism first. However, in a reductionist way, we will follow the historical manner.The metaphor of human body as an architectural space is not a new concept or it is not a concept that appeared only in the Modernism intervals, it can be traced as back as Vitruvius3 who explored the body as a proportion to the structure. consort to Vitruvius, no building can be said to be well designed which wants symmetry and proportion. In truth they are as necessary to the beauty of a building as to that of a well formed human figure, which nature has so fashioned (De Architectura, Gwilt Translation, 1826, p. 78)4. In order to create the rhythm, buildings should be designed according to three correlated elements utilitas, venustas, and firmitas5 (Rasmussen, 1959). So, as to Vitruviu s, architectural design should refer to the unquestionable perfection of the bodys symmetry and proportions6. Even so,The issue of beauty had been problematic for Vitruvius. On the one hand he made allusions to the harmonic ratios of Pythagorean musical theory, suggesting there was a higher cosmic order underlying the judgment of beauty. On the other hand he gave architects the right to vary proportions if the eye calls for corrections, or as the arts make progress .As the perfect beauty is rarely found in the nature, thus ornament, as the mediating element between altogether nature (materials) and the ordering lines of the architecture (Mallgrave op cit) was needed. This mediating element between the raw nature (body) and the perfect look is clothing and accessories in the fashion sense. As Ruskin states, this ornamentation should be whatever God has created, such as, abstract lines and the whole head for the hills of systemized organic and inorganic forms . Nonetheless, after re discovery of Vitruvius in the 15th C, people interpreted him according to their own way be due to language obstacles , the fashionable nonfunctional excesses of the Rococo and in the medievalism of the Gothic and especially in the Renaissance Era, architectural ornament heavily relied on the human figures. 18th C is marked as this heavily use of ornament (specifically human figures, Laugier (1755) was responded only in the Modernist Era.Dont let us be profuse in ornaments, let us put much plain, something negligent, with the elegant and magnificent, let us pass in common from the negligent to the plain, from the simple to the elegant, from the elegant to the magnificent Sometimes let us go shortly from one extreme to the other through opposition, the boldness of which strikes the fight and may produce very grand .This heavily reliance of ornament should have been in a way that would not a dilemma between the ornament use and refute which probably best reflected by Winckelmann7 (17 55). Once he stated that sameness or monotony as defects in architecture which result building without decoration and is like a healthy person who is reduced to poverty, something no one looks upon as a good thing, then later he proposed that beauty is represented by simplicity and serenity, (mainly by the Grecian designers). The Greeks alone calculate to have thrown forth beauty as a potter makes his pot (because Greeks were close to the nature and they had copied it) which he calls this beauty as noble (Lefaivre Tzonis, 2004, pp. 369-370). While Winckelmann was somehow vague between the ornamented and simplified beauty, his contemporary, and main challenger -Italian architect- Giovanni Battista Piranesi was clear about absolute beauty which came as the concept of sublime placed supra beauty in the hierarchy . From an architectural view, Piranesi supported heavily ornamented late-empire Roman architecture in opposition to the rigorists . Similarly, Owen Jones who is regarded as o ne of the most influential design theorists and architects of the 19th C believes that ornament and proportion should serve for the architectural perfection. In his words construction should be decorated As in every perfect work of Architecture a true proportion will be found to reign between all the members which compose it, so throughout the ornamental Arts every assemblage of forms should be arranged on certain definite proportions the whole and each particular member should be a duplex of some simple unit every ornament arises quietly and naturally from the surface decorated. . That is to say, the ideal beauty till the 18th C was represented by proportion, symmetry, and rhythm which were found in the human body, naturally.In the short space of a single section of such a humble study, one can say little about the wide gamut of the whole debate of beauty, ornament, nature, and all the in a higher place issues reviewed above8. Rather, we intend to provide a short background to t he closer relationship between clothing and architecture with special reference to Sempers Theory of Dressing, Sullivans nude buildings, and Loos absolute rejection of ornament in bodies and buildings altogether created fundamental changes in clothing and style9, too in the Modern Era.IdentityGottfried Semper, who broke the Vitruvian high ideals by his Four Elements of Architecture, could be regarded as the first who directly pointed out the AF connection though arguably he might have led reducing architecture to the wall and roof by emphasizing only the application of the evolution theory to these structures. According to Semper, idea of the wall evolved from the sequence of spatial enclosures and the stages of the evolution were primitive screen or woven mat, then metal sheathing and, eventually, carpets, whose colourful images were applied to the surface of masonry building to evoke a sentiment of monumentality. Further, Semper developed his Theory of Dressing aimed two aspects f irst, to underline the importance of the textile industry in the origins of architecture and second, Semper was concerned with the difficulty involved in the artistic use of iron in monumental architecture . .Among them Viennese Architect Otto Wagner examined the relationship between architecture and fashion both in theory and practice . However, his contemporary, Adolf Loos is most known for his interest in fashion (as taking Sempers ideals further and implementing them) and absolute rejection and obsession with the ornament in the human body and in buildings. It must be noted here that, while primitivism referred to simplicity and purism for Semper, however, Loos took it as uncivilized world (for him Papuans referencing Africa). He (Loos) show that the more ornament the human being uses (such as tattoos and piercings) the most likely he / she is to commit crime. Architects such as Le Corbusier, Hermann Muthesius and Peter Behrens also sensed the building as a nicely garmented bo dy and thus appreciated Loos lessons on dressing and building. By doing so, Modernism, particularly as expressed by Le Corbusier, aimed to break from the Utopian life by eliminating the medieval inequalities of social classes, destroy the distinction between the streets and stripes, through art, especially architecture since architecture is the art of living.Among the fashion designers, Coco Chanel is best known for her style in line with Loos ideas (this concept and relationship will be examined further in the next chapter of this study), however, Loos main significance for this study is that He was the first among those who declared the fashion and architecture relationship sharply.Ever since Louis Sullivan called for called for refraining entirely from the use of ornament for a period of years, in order that our thought might concentrate acutely upon the production of buildings well formed and comely in the nude (we might also add Adolf Loos propose to connect ornament with cri me and primitivism10) till Moussavis work on the Function of Ornament and Domeises Re-Sampling Ornament exhibition, recently ornament has been a dirty word in architectural circles for decades . In fact, ornament was associated with gender, mainly femininity and sexuality by the Modern Architects and thus it should have been omitted and FORM is to FOLLOW FUNCTION. This functionalism, as Loos puts it, for Modernist architecture is that the shack does not have to tell anything to the exterior instead all its richness must be manifest in the interior (cited from Colomina 1996, p 32). Colomina further declares that the outside(a) is only the cover of the book, it is clothing, it is mask. However, inside it is a meditation between the space and the individual. While fashion is the graphical translation of the individual human body while architecture is the non-verbal communication between the space and the society. Fashion as a Mask is satisfies our quest for individuality within the c ontext of a society while architectural construction is a tool for satisfying the need for isolating ourselves, it is the real shelter. While fashion performs uniformity in the society, architectural manifest refuses restrictions. This disjunction further brings out the refusal of fashion-able as in Le Corbusiers taleWhat we wished to express in art was the Universal and Permanent and to throw to the dogs the Vacillating and the Fashionable. 11However, with Chanels response to that functionalism, in her little black dress that can be a party dress with accessories, such as, a pearl necklace, and also it functions as a day dress with a cardigan or worn plainly, it can be said that fashion felt in the realms of architecture, or looking at Le Corbusiers statement above, we can say that fashion invaded architectures space. This irony that on the one hand, while architectural ideas tried to escape from the fashion, fashion designers, such as, Chanel, Schiaparelli, and Dior adored archi tectural ideas on functionalism and omitting ornaments and applied architectural styles in their designs, on the other hand, while stating how ugly the feminine fashion, architects did not keep away from fashions space.Art, craft, architecture, style one for allThe above ideas summarize Bauhaus (and, foreign Style, after the World War II and migration of Bauhaus members to other countries, mainly USA) further to create rational societies through rational design. Bauhaus was revolutionary teach of art, architecture and design established by the pioneer modern architect Walter Gropius at Weimar in Germany in 1919 (Tate Modern). It was a place of learning and implementing where the borders between art and science and man and machine were eliminated. This design issue was not restricted to only architecture, but included almost all branches of art and design, such as, design factories, their catalogues and even stationeries, or designing houses and offices, their furniture, the paint ings, etc. (from the Manifesto of Bauhaus by Gropius). The idea is straightforward in order to unite the universe, as artists we must unite our styles and International Style, could supply a framework for this. The principles are down with frontiers, up with the grid, no curved lines, so that art will be collective for the universal, and general grammar of the shape would be geometry12. . The stage workshop was an interaction between all performance arts, i.e., music, dance, theatre. Led by Schlemmer (an architect, paint, designer) Bauhaus costumes were designed in order to express philosophical and integrative expression of key body types pure, clear, and clean. Costume, architecture, body, and space were dynamic and inextricably linked for Schlemmer. His single subject was the human figure. He reduced to puppet-like, two-dimensional shapes that were expressive of the human body as a perfect system of proportions and functions analogous to the machine age (Bauhaus Archive Webpage) . Schlemmers costume designs were playful and disruptive, and restrictive for the human body that populate his costumes reflecting Schlemmers theory that human types were artificial constructions. The function of costume is to emphasize the identity of the body or to change it. Costume expresses the bodys nature or it purposely misleads us regarding it (extracted from History of Modern Drama, Emory University). The skectches of body and costumes designed at Bauhaus will be further explored and critised in the next chapter. Meantime, from the chronological point of view, the true beauty of the Bauhaus movement according to the author, is that its dictum anounced by Ludwig Mies van der Roheless is more13The concept is simplicity and clarity lead to high-quality design. From the perspective of an architect, it is a working method in which aesthetical seeks to astonish in a simple way and without unnecessary elements. The spaces are adapted to an idea of life that is intended to be sim ple, the walls linear, the floors with smooth texture and as a whole the structure that allows fascination. The virtue is absence, absence of ornament, unneeded details that will result more sensation. Since fewer elements mean fewer possibilities, minimalist architecture is more difficult to achieve perfection. Thus it represents the aesthetics of the silence, the space of culture. The space functions create a rehearsal with the mind and isolates us from the outside.Modernism and its principles as an architectural movement were well set, as emphasised in the dictums, manifests and practices of the scholars and designers. However, two paradoxes could be observed here one is that although its principles were well set and communicated, its implications diverted from rustic to country (mainly be due to vernacular and dwellings of those places) hence a uniformed design could not be implemented, second, although the word modern refers to contemporary, being contemporary, adopting the de velopments, etc. Modernist architects were more utopian in their principles as the only acceptable truth in design issues.Skin and Bones, that is architecture, no needlesThe following years, with Ludwig Mies van der Rohes revolution, the glass house, the principles of Modern architecture, i.e. functionalism, concreteness, transparency, cleanness and lightness all came to life. His dictum less is more represented the idea of less structural frame with mo

Why are US Veterans becoming Homeless?

Why atomic number 18 US Veterans becoming Homeless?Aubrieann HaleIn this paper, I result focus on the topic of wherefore veterans atomic number 18 coming back homeless. Veterans argon seen as a savior of the country they atomic number 18 risking their lives for every day, so wherefore is it that they are coming back from tours and service and in conclusion peculiaritying up homeless? Since 2009 the United States stated that in five years they would end veteran homeless, but the United States is still facing veteran homelessness in the year 2017. Though the homeless rates of veterans flip gone down since and so, why are veterans still facing homelessness if so many resources are supposed to be available for them. Is there more than meets the eye when it comes to homelessness, especially with veterans, yes. Many things female genital organ attribute to this continuing issue such as lack of assistances provided, manpowertal illnesses, PTSD, lack or redness of support from being deployed, the use of drugs and alcohol as coping strategies, and the economics.Homelessness is something that many individuals in every country face on a daily basis. The definition of homelessness grass vary from what one individual to the adjacent individuals definition of homelessness. The United States Department of Health and Human Services definition of homelessness isAn individual without permanent housing who whitethorn live on the streets, stay in a shelter, mission, single room occupancy facilities, abandoned building or vehicle, or in any other unstable or non-permanent situation. An individual may be considered as homeless if that person is doubled up, a term that refers to a situation where individuals are unable to maintain their housing situation and are forced to stay with a series of friends and/or extended family members. In addition, previously homeless individuals who are to be released from a prison or a hospital may be considered homeless if they do n ot have a stable housing situation to which they mountain return (U. S. D. of H. and H, n.d.).The Veterans Assistance design (VA) was originally founded in 1811 by the federal government for veteran domiciliary and medical facilities, but at the age was named the Veterans Bureau. The federal government recognized the asymmetry of an individuals life-time arrangements as a critical aspect of the definition of homelessness. Later on, in the 19th century, the Veterans Administration was expanded to include benefits and or pensions not lone(prenominal) for veterans but for their widows and dependents if something were to have happened. After the Civil War, many states began to establish veterans homes. Since domiciliary care was available at all state veterans homes, coinciding with that medical and hospital treatment were also provided for all injuries and diseases, without discrimination of service area. Veterans of the Indian Wars, Civil War, Spanish-Ameri scum bag War, and Mex ican Border, as well as regularly discharged members of the United States gird Forces, were able to receive care at these veteran homes (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). As the United States entered World War I, congress established a new frame of veterans benefits, including programs for disability compensation, insurance for service forcefulness and veterans, and vocational rehabilitation for the disabled (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). In 1928, admission to the national veteran homes was extended to all women who served, field Guard and militia Veterans (all able-bodied civilians eligible by law for forces service) (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). In 1930, President Herbert Hoover signed an executive order that overhead railway the Veterans Bureau to a federal administration creating the what is now known as the Veterans Administration. From 1944 through 1993, Veterans Administration guaranteed 13.9 million home loans valued at more than 433. 1 million dollars (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). To assist a Veteran between discharge and reemployment, the GI Bill also provided unemployment benefits of 20 dollars a week, for up to a maximum of 52 weeks (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). This assistance was put in place to avoid a repetition of World War I when unemployed Veterans were reduced to relying on charities for solid food and shelter. The Veterans Administration was then later renamed the Department of Veterans Affairs and continued to this day be known as the VA.It was not until the early 1980s, when the United States entered a fadeout in 1980 with the unemployment rate remaining unchanged through the start of a second recession in 1981, that veteran homelessness began to be recognized as an burning(prenominal) public health problem. The Veterans Administration has gone through many changes over the past 200 years since it was founded. But it still remains to be center on offering veterans th e resources in which it was founded, for domiciliary and medical needs of veterans who have served.Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the different ways a veteran can manifest postwar adjustment difficulties. PTSD is a mental health problem that some individuals can develop after experiencing or witnessing a sedate event, such as combat, a natural disaster, a car accident, or sexual assault. It is normal for an individual to have upsetting memories, feel on edge, or have trouble sleeping after a traumatic event. It may be hard to do normal activities, such as going to work, school, or spending time with people you care about. For some individuals, PTSD symptoms may not start right away, they may come and go over time. With PTSD, veterans may find it hard to keep their support groups such as family, friends and possible significant others close over collectible to the symptoms of PTSD. Individuals can have a difficult time trying to get back into a routine that has now changed, whether they themselves are suffering from PTSD or individuals closest to those who are suffering.Personally, coming from a family where my buzz off is a veteran and my brother-in-law has been deployed 3 times in the past 4 years I have been able to see the costs that military families have to pay that can render them in hard financial situations in the future. For instance, military likes have duple parts that are required, and if an individual is not wearable them they are out of conduct. Here is a cost breakdown of one of the 4 uniforms, military personnel are required to have. For combat and training, uniforms the required covering starts at 47.51 dollars, 48.00 dollars for the trousers, 8.10 dollars for the patrol cap, 4.77 dollars for the undershirt, 4.07 dollars for the rigger belt, 350-100 dollars for boots, up to 25 dollars per insignia, and 200 dollars for the required backpack (Army give vent Force Exchange Services, n.d.). For just a combat uniform it ca n cost up to 700 dollars. For their formal uniforms, it can cost up to 500 dollars, and for physical training, uniforms it can cost up to 200 dollars. While they are given a uniform allowance, the military is constantly changing their uniforms and not compensating for that change, making it stressful for some to try and find ways to pay for what they need. on that point is also the factor of paying for housing, while there are barracks that military personnel can live in, some chose to live in apartments off base, due to having more freedom or having a family. So, they can be paying the housing costs outside of the military, but when it comes to deployment if they are single and not living with someone else it can become an issue of trying to keep payments going to the landlord regularly and if something goes wrong there is a possibility of them losing their place to stay ultimately coming back homeless. When it comes to having a family, they usually try to stay in one area and no t have to move so often due to inconveniences. But when the military personnel get stationed in a new state, it becomes a matter of is the whole family going to move only to have the military personnel deployed in a couple of months leaving the family in an unknown area with no support like they had before. Now if the family made the choice to stay, then they are paying for housing in two states, which put the family in a financial burden, but they are able to keep their support systems. A median annual income of Veterans was approximately $50,000 (Elbogen, et al., 2012). In their studies, they indicated that treatment costs for veterans were a barrier to obtaining psychiatric and proper care. The US Military released a pay cast chart for 2017 because they offer many different variations for each area I will only focus on serving for 4 years. These rime are based on monthly pay rounded up to the nearest us dollar. As an E-1 for 4 years they would make 1592 dollars, E-2 1785 dollar s, E-3 2115 dollars, E-4 2420 dollars, E-5 2656 dollars, E-6 2960 dollars, and E-7 3401 dollars (Military pay chart, 2016). These are numbers only for enlistees and not officers, seeing that enlistees are the most common within the military. Substance abuse can be a leading factor in homelessness or continuing to be homeless. From a study conducted by Robert M. Bray, Mary Ellen Marsden, and Michael R. Peterson, they found that overall military personnel are more likely to insobriety and drink heavily than civilians are. Military personnel are twice as likely as civilians to be heavy drinkers, about one-third of military men who are younger drink heavily (Bray, et al., 1991).Veterans that are most at risk of coming back from war homeless usually have multiple factors that lead to the problem. Most of the individuals are either single, divorced, widowed, lack of family support or support systems, rendering them unable for proper reentry into civilian life. When those in the military are deployed, they are housed at the bases in that area, if they have their own family back in the states they can find it difficult to communicate with them. The military does not offer free Wi-Fi or calling, so if they were wanting to communicate with those back home, they will have to pay a monthly fee to do so. If an individual cannot afford that fee, there is the possibility of them losing their connections and support.Veterans who were officers and those who had graduated from college are more likely to have an easier readjusting process for their post-military life than enlisted personnel and those who are high school graduates. Along with veterans who mentioned they had an emotionally traumatic experience while serving or suffered a serious injury had more problems with re-entry when other factors are held constant.Though I would like to provide a definite answer to why are United States veterans coming back homeless, there is still much research to do. There are many factor s that can lead to an individual becoming homeless and that is the same for veterans. While there are many studies on veteran homelessness, my goal was to figure out why they are homeless, and while again there are many articles and studies they do not clearly focus on specifically why. I would say that I have not been able to fully answer my question of why United States veterans are coming back homeless, but I hope that in the future, I will be able to conduct my own studies on this topic and find a more concise answer. Until then I can only say that there are many factors that lead to this unfortunate event such as lack of assistances provided, mental illnesses, PTSD, lack or loss of support from being deployed, the use of drugs and alcohol as coping strategies, and the economics.ReferencesServices, U. S. D. of H. and H. (n.d.). HHS.gov Retrieved march 8, 2017, from https//www.hhs.gov/Elbogen, E. B., Johnson, C. S. C., Wagner, H. R., Newton, V. M., Beckham, J. C. (2012). Financ ial Well-Being and Post-Deployment Adjustment among Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans. Military Medicine, 177(6), 669-675. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390745/Shop Army Air Force Exchange Service. (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https//www.shopmyexchange.com/browse/military/army-uniforms/_/N-104825Brett Litz, S. M. O. (n.d.). The Returning Veteran of the Iraq War Background Issues and Assessment Guidelines. https//secure.ce-credit.com/articles/101192/3_4-101192.pdf2017 Military Pay Chart. (2016). Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https//www.usmilitary.com/2017-military-pay-chart/U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https//www.va.gov/Alvin S. Mares, R. A. R. (2006). Attitudes Towards Employment and Employment Outcomes Among Homeless Veterans with Substance Abuse and or Psychiatric Problems. Taylor Francis Group, LLC.Stephen Metraux, L. X. C., John D. Daigh, D. P. C., Vincent Kane. (n.d.). Risk Factors for Bec oming Homeless Among a Cohort of Veterans Who Served in the sequence of the Iraq and Afghanistan Conicts.Matthew Chinman, G. H., Sharon McCarthy. (2012). Lessons Learned from a Quality Improvement Intervention with Homeless Veteran Services. Johns Hopkins University Press, 23(3), 210-224.Tsai, J., Rosenheck, R. A. (2015). Risk Factors for Homelessness Among US Veterans. Epidemiologic Reviews, 37, 177-195. https//doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxu004Bray, R. M., Marsden, M. E., Peterson, M. R. (1991). Standardized comparisons of the use of alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes among military personnel and civilians. American Journal of Public Health, 81(7), 865-869. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1405176/

Machiavellian Folly in The Prince Essay -- Machiavelli The Prince Essa

Machiavellian Folly in The Prince In the annals of history, many individuals have contributed great works of literature, waxing philosophically on the meaning of life, death, and love. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote not on love or life, but on power How to capture it, how to consolidate it, and how to defend it against all comers. His work has been talked about and dissected to the extent that his subject matter and methods have earned their own moniker Machiavellian. Nonetheless, this great philosophers works did not meet with unanimous approval. His own student, Thomas Hobbes, presented a very different account of politics. This essay offers a Hobbesian critique of some of Machiavellis arguments, focusing in and around the ninth chapter of The Prince. Although Machiavelli and Hobbes share many of the same views - bid the moral depravity of the human character and the absence of natural justice - Hobbes differs from Machiavelli in three key respects The position of glory and honour, t he role of competition, and the start of the state. Hobbes and Machiavelli share the same understanding of human character. Machiavelli wrote during a time when people believed in absolute moral virtue. But as Machiavelli struck pen to paper, he rebelled from this norm. Having criticized Christian doctrine in Discourses on Livy, Machiavelli proceeds in The Prince to outline a sinister, ruthless understanding of virtue. Hidden deep within this dark formula is his greatest contribution to modern politics Rationalism.1 Machiavelli was the first philosopher to employ a truly pragmatic approach to politics. He examined human beings in light of their motives, their desires, and their fears. age other philosoph... ...ts of the citizenry. BIBLIOGRAPHY Curley, Edwin Ed.. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Hackett Publishing Company, United States of America 1994 Mansfield, Harvey C. Trans.. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1998 1 Sometimes referred to as Realism. 2 Pangle, Thomas. Class Lecture. Jan. 25, 1999 3 Mansfield, Harvey C. trans Machiavelli, The Prince. Ch. XVII. P. 66 4 Curley, Edwin ed.. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. P. 58 5 Mansfield, Harvey C. trans Machiavelli, The Prince. P. x 6 Curley, Edwin ed.. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. P. 76 7 Ibid. P. 78 ** Emphasis added in translation. 8 Good here refers to the conventional, Biblical and Aristotelian understanding. 9 Mansfield, Harvey C. trans Machiavelli, The Prince. P. 62 10 Ibid. P. 71

Confucianism and the west :: essays research papers

Throughout the course of the first half of the semester we have taken a broad scope of the major aspects of the phenomena that has been the recent history of China. When studying Modern China a common thread of ethical, cultural, religious, political, social, and economic aspects can be analyzed in relationship to Confucianism and its postulate on international relations. These aspects show that historically (particularly the nineteenth century) China initially resisted the acceptance of Western influence in order to maintain its high train of uniqueness, isolation, and Confucianism which has bred its prosperity and demise.      From its early to modern societies it was abundantly clear that China would be a largely Confucian-based society. Confucianism is a major system of thought in China. authentic from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples, their ideals centered on concern with the principles of good conduct, practical wisdom, and proper social rel ationships. Confucianism has influenced the Chinese attitude toward feel, and set the patterns of living and standards of social value. The keynote of Confucian ethics is jen, variously translated as "love," "goodness," "humanity" and respect for your neighbor (http//www.formosa-kingdom.com/chinese/). Jen is a supreme virtue representing human qualities at their best. In human relations, jen is manifested in chung, or faithfulness to oneself and others. Other important Confucian virtues include righteousness, propriety, integrity, and filial piety. It is in this light that thoughts of Confucius can so largely tinct all facets of life. Confucianism can affect and determine the ethical viewpoints of entire nations. The ideal social structure of East Asia was that of a Confucian hierarchy followed individually by a strong familial structure. Chinese society was modeled in a true Confucian structure with governmental workers being the elite, followed by the cr op producing farmers, then the merchants, and finally soldiers. Chinese ethics place an enormous emphasis upon respect. It was my understanding from discussion and research that a Confucian society is primarily based on honor and the political orientation that everything is done in the best interests of the family or society. Confucius states in the first article of his constitution that Harmony should be held a treasure, and the person who eschews selfish opposition should imbibe honor (East Asia, pg. 64 from last year). This was the case in the book Thousand Pieces of Gold when a young girl named Lulu virtually sacrifices her entire life for the greater good.