Nelson Mandela Leadership Style

Nelson Mandela Leadership Style Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, the leader and father of South African population, will turn 92 years on the 18th of July. Born in Transkei, a village in the south-eastern area of South Africa, he was exposed to the African history from his childhood due to his father being the chief of the village. As a result he gained a deeper understanding of the African government and the unfair and inhuman treatment by white people. Once again his father influenced his life path as he was the one who gave the permission for Rolihlahla, to join elementary school where he was given the English name, Nelson. Calling it fate or destiny Mandela in his biography wonders if his teacher gave him that name after the British sea captain Lord Nelson (Mandela N., 1994). Moving on with his education, Nelson enrolled in the Fort Hare University. At that point, his leadership skills unfolded, winning an expulsion from University for leading a student strike. Thus, he completed his degree in law at the University of South Africa (Notable Biographies, 2010). On the other hand, his personal life included three marriages resulting in having six children, twenty-one grandchildren and three great-grandchildren (Mandela N., 1994). A point of reference is the time, in 1943, that Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) as an activist. Only eight years later, his first major presidential position was in place as the president of the ANC Youth League which he co-founded. Since its foundation, ANC aims to enhance the human rights and living conditions of black people in South Africa. ANC was the reason for Mandela to be sent in jail for nine months since he participated in protest activities. However, in 1960, ANC Youth League lost financial and militant support thus being banned. This made Mandela to realise that peaceful behaviour was not the method to change things in Africa. Pride and anger for the unfairness he was forced to face, necessitated him to form a military group that was operating illegally, called The Spear of the Nation. They were fighting the government in silence through sabotage. For instance, they were destroying peoples properties (Notable Biographies, 2010). Prior to this, in 1952, Mandela launched the first black legal company in South Africa. He was offering his legal advices to black people for free or low cost. However, seven years later, new laws were passed, forcing the creation of separated homelands for black people enhancing the racial segregation (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). The later, let Mandela to become more active towards protecting the rights of black people. This resulted in Mandela being arrested and imprisoned in Johannesburg Fort, in 1962, for five years, although managing to escape. That did not last for long as he was arrested again and accused for sabotage and treason. As a consequence Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment. The first eighteen years of his imprisonment were in Robben island prison (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). This as he himself described, was a prison with maximum security, forcing them to work hard, humiliating them and living under inhuman conditions. In 1968, his mother and his son died but he was not permitted to attend either of the funerals. Contrary to that and to the treatment received by the government, he never stopped supporting his beliefs thus rejecting a liberation offer by the president of South Africa, PW Botha. Moving on in the time of the imprisonment, better and more human conditions were offered to him in 1988 as he underwent a prostate surgery. Eventually, after twenty-seven years in prison and as a response to worldwide calls, Nelson Mandela was finally released in 1990 and elected as the president of ANC (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). However if an evaluation was to be made for his life so far, the suffering he encountered is clearly shown. The government did not allow him any visitors and they considered discussions regarding Mandela as illegal. However, these decisions against Mandela increased peoples perception about him, both worldwide and locally. On the top, in peoples minds Mandela was synonym to words like fairness, ethnical right and leader. He became an international symbol against racism (Notable Biographies, 2010). After being released from prison Mandela did not stop fighting for the black people. He started discussions with the existing president of South Africa, F.W. de Klerk, concluding that only a compromise between black and white people will prevent the occurrence of a civil war in their country. Eventually, the establishment of the new democratic government was a fact. This new government was giving the right to vote to all South Africans (Notable Biographies, 2010). The upcoming years of his life were the rewards for his nonstop race for equality. In 1993 he was awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize due to his achievement of the equality in voting rights. A year later, black South Africans and Mandela were allowed to vote for the first time in their life. The result was internationally expected. Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). During the years of his presidency, he tried hard to minimise the various political differences in South Africa. Moreover, he tried to build up a healthier economy in combination with establishing a more solid democracy. Additionally, he was one of the supporters of clearing peoples criminal record if that was created during the years of racism by the countrys government (Notable Biographies, 2010). Ending a successful century his duration as his countrys president ends in 1999. However, his political career doesnt end. He was placed at the position of the statesman where he was acting as the third party in the process for peace (Notable Biographies, 2010). The first decade of the new century found Mandela facing the accursed disease, as he was diagnosed with prostate cancer but he fought and succeeded for once more in his life. As all things come to an end, at the age of eighty-five he retired from the public life. However, only two years ago at the age of ninety, he showed that his vision of equality and fairness never stopped bothering him. Through a speech he urged and tried to inspire the young generation to continue the fight for social justice (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). Summing up his career, The United Nations General Assembly declares July 18 Mandela Day as a tribute to his contribution to world freedom (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). In general, Nelson Mandela can be characterised as an excellent leader, with good judgement and listening skills, sensitive and open-minded. He was an intelligent leader since it requires good strategic plan and clever manoeuvre in order to defeat your enemies without humiliating them. Once, he stated that my life was shaped by custom, ritual and taboo and this was the alpha and omega of our existence (Mandela N., 1994). This excellent knowledge of his origin enabled him to be more confident of what he was fighting for. Thus his vision of a peaceful South Africa without any racial segregation became a more approachable target. This explains one of his favourite quotes; a good head and a good heart are always a formidable combination (Brainy Quotes, 2010). Moreover, he was exposed to significant leadership education throughout his career. For instance, seeing the world from your enemys eyes enables you to identify easier their strengths and weaknesses, planning a more effective strate gy (Times Magazine, 2008). The worldwide discussion of whether you are born or developed as a leader is not a question for Nelson Mandela. It is unanimously believed that Mandela had the charisma to be a leader. This is supported by his acts throughout his life and the recognition he faced worldwide. Scanning Mandelas life, it can be seen that the way to lead the people was influenced from his childhood. This is because he used to attend the local tribal meetings, where he was observing the speakers, and absorbing every small detail of leadership characteristics. These principles were his significant tools throughout his political life. In his biography, he notes that in the meetings he was just concluding the discussions, most of the times without adding anything new but taking everyones talk into consideration (Mandela N., 1994). Strategically he admits that in the back of his mind he was following a well planned schedule. A leader is like a shepherd he supports, in a way that the flock thinks that it rules, but actually the shepherd directs the movements from start till the end (Mandela N., 1994). Moving on with the evaluation of Mandelas characteristics, one can describe Mandela as team manager. This is because he was a supporter and a listener of his followers concerns but he always had in mind his primary goal, being both task and people oriented. He tried to motivate people by making each individual to feel necessary and important thus increasing their willingness to help and achieve their goal. Making a critical analysis of Mandelas overall attitude, characteristics of a level five leader can be observed, i.e. Mandela represents an executive leader. This is because there is a combination of professional will and personal humility. Being focused on his main goal, he was not afraid of being dishonoured. For instance, his life imprisonment showed that he was not afraid to accept the consequences of his own acts even though humiliation was present. Showing professional will, even when he was in the plane to be taken to Robben Island he did not stop thinking as a leader. He was looking at the area as a strategist where he was trying to find ideal places to launch his army in order to continue fighting for his vision (Mandela N., 1994). This way of thinking also characterise him as a strategic innovative leader. As a transformational leader he showed his various ways of leadership. He was engaged in individualized consideration and this can be proved by his refusal towards the president P.W. Botha to release him from prison. Furthermore his boxing training enhanced his skills. Attracted by the science of boxing, i.e. the democratic and strategic rules that needed to be followed and not the violence of it, Mandela used the sport to improve his leadership initiative and self confidence. This attitude categorises Mandela as an alchemist and achiever. Renamed voluntarily by his boxing colleagues, Chief, showed that his leading skills were used even during his daily routine (Mandela N., 1994). All the aforementioned characteristics show his authenticity as a leader. One can be completely persuaded that he knew how to manage his skills and which personality traits to reveal for each occasion. Two important quotes that he used throughout his life were firstly that If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart (Brainy Quotes, 2010). This shows that he knew the way to cope with people and influence them. Secondly, Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world (Brainy Quotes, 2010). In order to achieve his vision he always had in mind that goodness and forgiveness are two important aspects to fulfil. To sum up, Mandelas life and actions made people realize that everyone can have a dream, big or small, good or bad. However, this does not mean that it will be publicly accepted. People will fight ones vision but looking at Mandelas story what stays in mind is that, you should never give up. Developing a well organised plan and creating a well structured strategy are the key components for a successful path to be followed. Although Nelson Mandela spent many years in prison, he never stopped trying to transform his vision into reality. In an article in Guardian newspaper he states that if people of courage and good conscience are prepared to stand and fight there is nothing we cannot achieve (The Guardian, 2010). Thus leading with vision, courage and always being a shepherd is the lesson gained from Nelson Mandelas leadership. References: Brainy Quotes. 2010. Nelson Mandela Quotes. [online] accessed at: 14/06/2010 Available at: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/n/nelson_mandela.html Mandela N. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom. Autobiography Notable Biographies. 2010. Nelson Mandela. Encyclopaedia of World Biography. [online] accessed at: 14/06/2010 Available at: http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Mandela-Nelson.html Telegraph.co.uk. 2010. Nelson Mandela Timeline. Telegraph Media Group Limited. [online] accessed at: 14/06/2010 Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7819734/Nelson-Mandela-timeline.html The Guardian. 2010. My hero Nelson Mandela by Gordon Brown. [online] accessed at: 15/06/2010 Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/apr/17/nelson-mandela-hero-gordon-brown Times Magazine. 2008. The Secrets of Leadership from Nelson Mandela. [online] accessed at: 15/06/2010 Available at: http://www.deliverfreedom.com/blog/time-magazine-the-secrets-of-leadership-from-nelson-mandela/

Exegesis of Isaiah 7:14-16

History of the Old Testament Exegesis of Isaiah 7:14-16 Historical Context of Isaiah 7:14-16 The book of Isaiah is a vast collection of many works by both Isaiah and other anonymous writers. Although the entire book is dated from the post-exilic period, different sections of the book were written at various times. In fact, the organization of the book isn’t ordered chronologically, but rather by combining separate literary works and booklets (Hastings 424).According to Robert Alter and Frank Kemode of Harvard University Press, the book of Isaiah is broken down into three general sections: Isaiah (or Proto-Isaiah), Deutero-Isaiah and Trito-Isaiah. (Alter 165). Editor and biblical scholar James Hastings noted, â€Å"the book of Isaiah is the result of a long and complex literary history† (425). Since the book was not all written at the same time or by a single author, each sentence seems to come with it’s own fascinating history, with varying contexts lying between each line.Beginning with Proto-Isaiah, chapters 1-39 are thought to have been greatly written by Isaiah, while consisting of â€Å"oracles and eschatology† (Alter 165). Beginning the early period of Isaiah’s ministry at 3:1-15, Isaiah describes the â€Å"social integration of Jerusalem† (Hastings 426). Without divulging too greatly into the historical context of chapter 7 quite yet, Proto-Isaiah addresses the period of the collapse of the northern kingdom before the Assyrians.It reveals Yahweh’s coming judgment towards Assyria for its â€Å"pride and refusal to recognize that it is the instrument of Yahweh’s purpose,† while predicting the â€Å"overthrow of the Assyrian invader† (Hastings 426). Moving on to Deutero-Isaiah, the prophecies in chapters 40-55 are thought to have been composed by an anonymous prophet who lived among the Judean exiles during the time of Babylonian captivity (Alter 174). This prophet responds to the major e vents that had previously taken place. Having over exerted their power and resources, the Assyrian empire collapsed.Proceeding Assyrian’s weakening, the Babylonian empire took control (Alter 176). As Robert Alter states, â€Å"just as Jerusalem is the focus and personification of the whole Judean community, so the Babylonian capital represents the entire enemy nation† (176). Since Babylon is the enemy of the Judeans, much of Deutero-Isaiah speaks of freedom from the oppressing empire. Cyrus the Great, father of the Persian Empire, is portrayed as â€Å"destined by Yahweh to redeem Israel, and to execute judgment upon Babylon† (Hastings 197).Throughout the book, the author tries to give a renewed hope to the Hebrew exiles, while giving the glory of their prophesied redemption to Yahweh. Lastly, Trito-Isaiah is believed to be the product of the writings from a number of authors. From chapters 56-66, this last section of Isaiah is filled with poetry and narratives of the return of the exiled Jews. As predicted, Cyrus the Great defeated Babylon’s king, Nabonidus, and conquered Babylon. Upon Babylon’s surrender to Cyrus’ general, Gobyras, in October 539 B. C. , Cyrus the Great took charge.According to Cyrus, he entered the country with little opposition, claiming to have been â€Å"chosen by Marduk to be his restorer† (Hastings 197). Marduk was the god that Nabonidus had abandoned in order to focus his worship to Sin, the moon-god. In view of that, Cyrus makes it a point to bring the god back. Nonetheless, Cyrus is pictured as â€Å"the friend of Yahweh and Yahweh’s anointed† (Hastings 197). As the new ruler, Cyrus released the Jews from their bondage and gave them his consent to â€Å"return to Palestine and rebuild the Temple† (Hastings 197).The historical background of Trito-Isaiah established, the major themes of this portion of Isaiah include repentance, justice and the path of the righteous (Alter 182). Literary Context of Isaiah 7:14-16 Continuing from the historical background of Proto-Isaiah, Isaiah 7 describes Isaiah’s prophetic warnings to Ahaz, the king of Judah around 732 BC. Prior to Isaiah’s warnings, Israel and Aram tried to attack Judah, to no avail. Following the attack, at 7:3 God sends Isaiah to give a message to Ahaz to seek God or else lose God’s hand of protection.Unfortunately, Ahaz does not comply, and instead buys the help of the Assyrians and even sacrifices his own son to the gods in hopes of protecting Jerusalem (Buttrick 215). However, if Ahaz wanted David’s dynasty to remain, he had to be in obedience to God, as Isaiah 7:9 claims. To his detriment, Ahaz is not willing to engage in faith, a major component of the â€Å"historical emergence of prophecy† in those times (Buttrick 216). God even tells Ahaz to ask for whatever kind of sign that he wishes to prove God’s ability to deliver Judah, but Ahaz refu ses.Although the state of affairs was the same as the preceding verses, the passages 10 and 13 suggest a change in the time and audience. Verse 13 uses the plural when Isaiah is relaying God’s message to Ahaz, implying that the discussion took place with an audience, rather than solely speaking to Ahaz. In verse 10, â€Å"again the Lord spoke to Ahaz† indicates a conversation that occurred at a later point in time (Strong 31). So it is possible that the events did not all occur with the same audience and at the same time.An interesting detail, at 7:13 Isaiah uses the phrase â€Å"my God† when speaking to Ahaz, referencing the fact that Ahaz no longer serves the Lord (Buttrick 218). Looking now to the verses immediately proceeding 7:14-16, God’s passion for His people is revealed. At 7:18-19, Alter writes, â€Å"Invading troops give way to swarms of horseflies and bumblebees that ‘shall come, and shall rest all of them in desolate valleys†¦Ã¢â‚ ¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Alter 173). This verse reveals Isaiah’s use of poetry to describe prophecies. Also, Isaiah uses metaphors to describe Israel’s destruction by plagues and swords (Alter 173).Isaiah understands that God’s judgment is out of a desire to bring Israel to nothing, so that they would finally look to God. Isaiah portrays God’s ultimate desire for the country’s purification, not for the destruction of the people (Rice 366). At verses 21-22, God’s heart for Israel’s redemption is portrayed through the promise of an abundance of curds and honey (Rice 364). Interestingly, it’s thought that Isaiah may not have written verses 21-25, because the language is so common and plain, whereas Isaiah usually uses such poetic language.Scholars propose, â€Å"these passages represent a disciples recollection of his message rather than his own words† (Buttrick 222). Examples such as these continue to point to the thesis that Isaiah i s in fact the result of multiple authors. Commentary on Isaiah 7:14-16 Isaiah 7:14 â€Å"Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. Behold, a young woman shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. † (RSV) This verse contains many important pieces that all require the context of the situation. George Buttrick makes an interesting comment in noting that â€Å"therefore normally introduces a threat† (218).Following God’s reproach towards Ahaz at 7:13, such a threat is to be expected. Here, Yahweh’s anger stems from Ahaz’ direct refusal of God’s wishes at 7:12. Since Ahaz doesn’t accept God’s offer of a sign for immediate deliverance, God gives Ahaz a sign by his own initiative. The sign, given at 7:14, is to come in the form of a maiden’s son, with the name Immanuel, meaning â€Å"God is with us† (Buttrick 218). The word for â€Å"sign† here is also the same word that is used for th e miraculous, and thus implies that God’s â€Å"saving presence† will come through the child, a symbol of hope (Buttrick 218).Although the maiden has often been referred to as a virgin throughout evangelical history, the original Hebrew text actually translates â€Å"young woman† (Alexander 112), or â€Å"young woman of marriageable age, possibly a virgin† (Buttrick 218). Also, the verse changes tenses, saying, â€Å"the young woman is with child and shall bear a son† (Alexander 112). This is significant because the actual woman who is to give birth may have been a woman whom was pregnant at the time, while the words may in fact be directed to a specific young lady.The answer remains unknown to this day. Isaiah 7:15 â€Å"He shall eat curds and honey when he knows how to refuse the evil and choose the good. † (RVS) In this verse, the curds and the honey refers to the most prized foods available to the â€Å"nomadic wanderers, but not the fo od of Ahaz’ court† (Buttrick 220). The child must be weaned before he is able to eat the curds and honey, and thus this portion refers to the period of the child’s beginning stages of development. The context in which these words are being prophesied is â€Å"one of judgment† (Rice 368).In light of this, many scholars believe that the child eating curds and honey means that the child â€Å"will experience want and adversity† so that he will be able to know and refrain from sin and decide to live righteously (Rice 368). It seems as though Isaiah is painting a picture for Ahaz of the way of the righteous, in response to Ahaz’ direct refusal of good and his choice towards evil at 7:12. To add to this point, verses 15 and 16 may have been reversed at some point in history, since 7:15 seems to have the same threatening theme as in 7:17 (Buttrick 220). Isaiah 7:16 For before the child knows how to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land befor e whose two kings you are in dread will be deserted. † (RVS) Verse 16 seems to flow as a continuation of the word of hope and deliverance as seen at 7:14. As discussed earlier in this exegesis, prophesies of the days of freedom are also seen at 7:21-22, with promises of abundance and joy. The fact that the child will know how to â€Å"refuse the evil and choose the good† (RVS, 7:16) implies that there is a right and a wrong that the child will learn how to distinguish between (Rice 368).Apart from the ethical decisions, 7:16 may also be referring to the number of years that it may take the child to learn his likes and dislikes, usually about three years (Buttrick 220). When the child is finally weaned, and is almost to the age in which he is beginning to make his own decisions, the enemies of Judah will be no more (Rice 368). As seen at 7:1, the two kings Rezin and Pekah were the enemies of Judah at that time. Therefore, the verse refers to the destruction of their powe r (Rice 368). Summary of Isaiah 7:14-16Overall, this entire passage directs its attention to the sign that Yahweh is to send to Ahaz. It goes into a poetic description of the path in which that sign, Immanuel, will come into this world and the decisions between right and wrong that he will face. Although he will face many trials, he will continue to choose good over evil. As a child, Immanuel is also a symbol of hope; adding to this, his name means â€Å"God is with us,† which shines a light on the deliverance of the exiles (Alexander 112). This last verse brings a revelation of the Hebrew deliverance from the enemies of Judah, the two kings Rezin and Pekah.Although addressing judgment and trials, the passage breathes in the promise of deliverance and exhales a spirit of hope for Judah. Bibliography Alexander, Neil M. â€Å"Isaiah 7:1-25. † The Sign of Immanuel. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2001. 110-113. Print. Vol. 6 of The New Interpreter’s Bible, Ed. Clifford E. Baldridge. 12. 1994-2001. Buttrick, George Arthur. â€Å"Isaiah. † Isaiah. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1956. 215-223. Print. Vol. 5 of The Interpreter’s Bible. Ed. Nolan B Harmon. 12 vols. 1952-1957. Hastings, James. â€Å"Isaiah. † Dictionary of the Bible. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1963. Isaiah. † The Literary Guide to the Bible. Ed. Robert Alter and Frank Kermode. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987. 165-183. Print. The Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha: Revised Standard Version. Ed. Herbert G. May and Bruce M. Metzger. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. Print. Rice, Gene. â€Å"The Interpretation Of Isaiah 7:15-17. † Journal Of Biblical Literature 96. 3 (1977): 363. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 May 2012. Strong, James. â€Å"Ahaz. † The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1988. Print.

Energy Drinks Case Study Essay

There are new coming items in beverage industry during the mid-2000s, which are energy drinks, sports drinks and Vitamin-Enhanced beverages. These items focus on different flavors, specified consumers, efficient distribution systems, and products innovation in the beverage market. They compete with water, soft drinks, juices, tea, and other common drinks, which are in low prices, good and long history of brand reputation, easy to accept the taste. From 2005 until now, alternative beverages grow fast and take more and more market share in the whole world beverage market. The main alternative beverages companies are Coca Cola, PepsiCo, Red Bull and Hansen Natural Corporation. Energy drinks, spots drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages use many strategies to find a good position in the beverage industry in the Global market, which also give us some ideas about how to operate beverage companies. Firstly, alternative beverages take the action via wider product selection, better product quality, good delivery system to gain sales and market share. For example, PepsiCo develops 12 flavors of Amp Energy drinks and 28 varieties of SoBe vitamin-enhanced drinks (Gamble, 2010, p. C-83). Again, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola through their own soft drinks distribution channels to deliver energy drinks at the same time, which reduce much time and cost. Secondly, energy drinks take big actions to enter emerging market opportunities, like most Asia countries and South America. For example, alternative beverages take 31. 5% market share in Asia-Pacific in 2009 (Gamble, 2010, p. C77). Thirdly, Energy drinks, spots drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages try to acquire or merge with other small companies to strengthen market standing and competitiveness. For instance, PepsiCo has a multiyear distribution agreement with Rockstar to distribute Rockstar energy drinks in the United States and Canada (Gamble, 2010, p. C-83). Coca-Cola also has a multiyear distribution agreement with Hansen Natural Corporation to distribute Hansen’s Monster energy drink in some areas of the United States, Canada, and six European countries (Gamble, 2010, p.C-84). SWOT Analysis Strengths| Weaknesses| * Healthier than traditional soda. * Global brands * New product development * Strong manufacturing and distribution capabilities * Strong support of parent company| * High price * Consumer limitation| Opportunities| Threats| * Growing demand for healthy drinks * High growth developing markets * Cost reduction measures| * Traditional drinks competition which includes price and taste * Regulations and law * Health risks * Environment problem * New entrents|. To solve weaknesses and threats, alternative beverages industry companies set up business models to match the customer value and gain profit. Firstly, Energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages companies develop many different flavors to match different customers’ taste. Second, these companies also focus on different customers’ demands. Third, they sell products in many different locations, not only supermarkets, but also convenience stores and vending machines around every corner, which give convenient service to customers. Fourth, alternative beverage companies always try to follow the state law and regulations. Try to avoid risk ingredients. Fifth, to pretend the health risk, some companies placed warnings on their products labels. Sixth, because many people and organizations are focus on environment issues, alternative beverages’ plastic bottles and cans are really concern by these people. To solve this problem, beverage companies recycle plastic bottles and cans to keep pollution away. I also have some recommendations to alternative beverage companies to grow bigger and faster in the global market. First, try to make innovation on the local taste in different countries. Do research on people’s taste in various countries. McDonald’s is a good example in promoting global market. McDonald’s knows Indian people don’t eat beef and pork and love spicy food, so McDonald’s over there never have any product with beef or pork but with more spicy taste. Again, don’t put sensitive ingredients in the drinks. People are more curious about health and drink ingredients. Many organizations are strict with it, too. Try to produce healthier and more nutritious drinks to the market. Moreover, drinks’ function attempts to everyone, but not only for a small group of people. Nowadays, teenage boys always buy energy drinks, people who do sports, fitness, or other strenuous activities bought sports drinks; adult consumers are interested in buying vitamin-enhanced beverages (Gamble, 2010, p. C-77). What I recommend is alternative beverage companies should develop beverages suitable for most people. White collar can drink energy drinks; sports people also suitable to buy some kinds of vitamin-enhanced beverages. Additionally, don’t publicize the function too powerful. Some alternative drinks have some special effects, but not like what the advertisement said. If the company wants to operate for a long time running, it should be honest and act in good faith. Last but not least, incumbents of alternative drinks use strong brand preferences, high degrees of customer loyalty, significant cost advantages to keep new entrants out of the market. References: Gamble, John E. (2010). Competition in Energy Drinks, sports Drinks, and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages. Crafting & Executing Strategy. p. C-77. Gamble, John E. (2010). Competition in Energy Drinks, sports Drinks, and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages. Crafting & Executing Strategy. p. C-79. Gamble, John E. (2010). Competition in Energy Drinks, sports Drinks, and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages. Crafting & Executing Strategy. p. C-83. Gamble, John E. (2010). Competition in Energy Drinks, sports Drinks, and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages. Crafting & Executing Strategy. p. C-84.

John F. Kennedy Inaugural Speech Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 654 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? John F. Kennedy once said, â€Å"I am not the Catholic candidate for President. I am the Democratic Partys candidate for President, who happens also to be a Catholic. † In this single sentence, he uses a method of Aristotle’s persuasive speech making. One of the greatest examples of using rhetorical strategies is indeed John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address of 1961. John F. Kennedy uses diction, syntax, and Aristotle’s method of persuasion in his inaugural address that not only made it uniquely his own, but made it undoubtedly one of the best, emotion tugging, speeches ever. It was a very cold, icy January day when John F. Kennedy made his inaugural address. He was the youngest president to ever take office. He won by a very small margin. He was the first Roman Catholic president. In this way, he established ethos. The shortness of the speech showed he cared about the audience standing in the freezing temperatures on that wintry day. First, Kennedy uses Aristotle’s rhetorical speech making method–the appeals: ethos, logos, and pathos. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "John F. Kennedy Inaugural Speech Analysis" essay for you Create order He establishes ethos by naming how important God is to him and to the future of the United States. In other words, he is finding common ground with his audience. He also talks as if he as well as all the American citizens are in making this country better together by using words like us and we. He uses ethos by quoting the Bible (Isiah 58:6) to show he has done all the research. He also shows he has thought out every side to the arguments saying he will be a horrible president. He establishes pathos by asking what you can do for your country. He takes every person into consideration by asking what they can do, making everyone feel like they have a part in the country. Diction plays a very strong part in this speech. President Kennedy uses words like: life freedom, poverty, devotion, loyalty, and sacrifice to draw people in. For example, these are all words that can relate to everyone. Everyone can put these words in his or her own perspective. They are very powerful words, and people have their own interpretations of them. He uses metaphors and personification to create an image. For example, â€Å"the jungle of suspicion† and â€Å"those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger, ended up inside. † Both of these can paint a picture in the listener’s (or reader’s) head, and can help them understand what JFK is referring to in his speech. Sometimes President Kennedy uses words that seem old fashioned. He does this because he is the youngest president, and he tries to appeal to the older people to show them he is as mature as any other person who could have been elected president. Syntax helped Kennedy achieve his purpose as well. He used short paragraphs to get his point across. For example â€Å"And, so my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country. † Think of how famous this quote has become! The short sentences make more of an impression. They express more emotion. Complex sentences are also used in this speech. They allow feelings to be built up in sentences. He uses opposites in this speech a lot. For instance, â€Å"Never let us negotiate out of fear. But let us ever fear to negotiate. † This shows he has considered all counterarguments and knows exactly what he wants to achieve while in office and that he is as qualified as any other politician to be the next president of the United States. Aristotle’s rhetorical strategies can help a writer achieve the art of persuasion. John F. Kennedy’s inaugural speech is a perfect example of this. In this speech he used the basic rhetorical appeals (ethos, logos, and pathos), diction and word structure, and syntax and sentence and paragraph structure.

The Myth Of The Apollo 11 Land On The Moon And Hearing...

It has been forty-seven years since families across America were in awe watching the Apollo 11 land on the moon and hearing Neil Armstrong famously say â€Å"That s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind†. It has also been forty-seven years of people doubting the legitimacy of this footage. The theorists versus the realists is a never ending debate over whether this was a staged government hoax or if America actually made it to space. With hundreds of theories circulating involving Stanley Kubrick, Area 51, and the validity of a wrinkle in a flag.Was America really that eager to beat the Soviets and win the Space Race or did we just hit the jackpot in scientific discovery? During John F. Kennedy’s time as president he vowed to get to the moon before the end of the decade. Even though he did not live to see it, those next ten years there was a sprint between American and the Soviet Union to see who could get to the moon first. The space race â€Å"showed the world which country had the best science, technology, and economic system† (Ducksters). America failed many times but we finally made it in 1969. Or did we? Post World War II America was very sensitive about their reputation and had lots of confidence being one of the top countries in the world. Americans could not handle the pressure of losing. So Americans did what they do best. Fake it. When this race began â€Å"NASA’s budget was increased almost 500 percent, and the lunar landing program eventually involved some

Shell Case Study - 838 Words

The Case Study on â€Å"Organizational change at Royal Dutch/Shell† This case study on â€Å"Organizational Change at Royal Dutch/Shell† deals with the organizational change that the world’s largest non-state-owned oil company made to respond its operating environmental changes in 1990s (Hill, C 2005, pp. 476-477) While there are a few different structures of global organizations such as worldwide area structure, worldwide product divisional structure and global matrix structure, the Anglo-Dutch company Royal Dutch/Shell (hereinafter Shell) decided to be structured with a matrix structure from the 1950s until 1994. Under the matrix structure, the head of each operating company reported to two bosses; one boss was responsible for the†¦show more content†¦While the oil price plummeted in the winter of 1986 when the price fell from $31 per barrel to $10, Shell managed its budget by half: the company had to work much harder to develop new projects more cheaply. As a result, Shell could make huge improvements in drilling techniques such as slim-hole drilling and directional drilling. The use of 3D seismic became widespread. (from Shell’s official homepage; 1980s to the new millennium). All of these activities worked well under the matrix structure of Shell until the end of 1980s. There was a huge environmental change in 1990. It’s the Gulf War. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, partly prompted by the low price of oil, led to uncertainty about production and prices spiked. Iraq wanted to gain control of the worlds third largest oil producer to give it more control over the world market. Following the Gulf war to liberate Kuwait, crude oil prices entered a period of steady decline, reaching their lowest level in 1994 for 21 years (BBC, Why the oil price keeps rising, June 2008). As the oil prices declined, naturally there was pressure on Shell’s profit margins. Although it had traditionally been among the most profitable oil companies in the world, its relative performance began to slip in the early 1990s as its competitors adapted rapidly to the environment changes. As a result, this suggested that the Shell senior management team review its strategy and the fit between strategy andShow MoreRelatedCase Study : A Nut- Shell Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesnut- shell, this case study tell us about a big project which faced so many problems within one year of project execution. The completion of this project was 3 years with a large budget of $50M. But due to problems the CHEMICS insurance company decided to update all their processes and systems. This project effect all the departments within the company.So a management team with hired consultants and some members of insurance company was formed.Moreover there was no project manager for this case studyRead MoreCase Study : Royal Dutch Shell1003 Words   |  5 PagesOxfam Intermon. 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Principles of Pediatric Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Pediatric Nursing. Answer: Introduction: Appendicitis is one of the most common disorder, which needs emergency surgery before the development of any complications. Instead of the fact that in most patients the symptoms of acute appendicitis is easily diagnosed, but in some cases, some variable signs are seen, where the clinical diagnosis is difficult in initial stage, which promote ignorance of the condition and thereby leading to a severe condition of the disorder (Schietroma et al., 2012). In the current case study, the focus is an 8-year old boy mark, who has gone through a severe case of appendicitis, where the infection perforated the peritoneal cavity, causing peritonitis. In this essay the pathophysiology of appendicitis will be discussed. In addition to this the nursing care based on developmental theories, family-centered care and effect of hospitalization will be highlighted based on this case. The case study is focused upon the 8 years old boy, Mark, who was experiencing right iliac fossa pain and admitted to the emergency department of a local hospital. Upon assessing his symptoms, physicians suspected the onset of appendicitis. After confirming the situation, the emergency department doctors took him to the theater for an appendectomy. The surgical team identified a gangrenous perforated appendix with peritonitis. It is a severe infection in appendix. Peritonitis is characterized as the inflammation of serosal membrane lining the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum is a sterile environment, but the pathogenic microorganisms or their toxic products can cause intra-abdominal sepsis, which causes the inflammation of peritoneum (Brker et al., 2012). The pathophysiology of peritonitis is related to the intra-abdominal sepsis from a perforated viscus, which is caused from direct spillage of lumina contents in the peritoneum. The bacterial inoculation in the sterial area is relate d to the inflammation and infection of appendix. The perforated appendix is caused by the obstruction of the appendiceal lumen due to insisted stool, lymphoid hyperplasia or the infection caused by microorganism. However, considering the correlation within the appendicitis and distribution of lymphoid tissue, the obstruction of the lumen can be highlighted as a common cause (Chen et al., 2012). The bacterial overgrowth in the lumen is influenced by the obstruction of lumen, which further leads to the distention of lumen with increased intraluminal pressure. It then leads to venous obstruction. All of these processes lead to bacterial overgrowth, acute inflammation and edema (Markar et al., 2012). As a result of these, the appendix becomes ischemic and edematous, which further promotes the necrosis of appendiceal wall along with the invasion of bacteria through the ischemic wall, causing a gangrenous appendicitis. In the case of Mark, this condition was not recognized and neglected. As a result, the gangrenous appendix perforated into the sterile peritoneal cavity with spillage of appendiceal residue, causing peritoneal infection. In Marks case, this sequence of events occurred slowly and the appendix contained by the inflammatory response and omentum, which further led to localized peritonitis and appendiceal abcess (Schietroma et al., 2012). Finally, the progress in this condition causes sepsis and diffuse peritonitis. In this condition, the bacterial overgrowth is generally promoted by a range of facultative aerobic bacteria, which are involved in other colonic disorders (Chen et al., 2012). As the bacterial pathogens, which have grown in the appendics wall are perforated through the peritoneal cavity, the same bacterial culture could be isolated from both the gangrenous appendicitis and infected peritoneal cavity. According to the case study, Mark was initially suspected with appendicitis and was suggested for an appendectomy. The result of the post surgery states that the boy was suffering from gangrenous perforated appendix with peritonitis. He was under few medications after the operation and other treatments associated with his complications (Ball et al., 2012). Due the severe infection he was retained in the hospital for 10 days under the nursing care. Nursing is a noble job. The status of a nurse in pursuing her professional practices states the value a community places on the nursing job. The values, ethics and beliefs related to the profession are an integral part o0f the professional education practice. According to Perry et al. (2014), perforation of appendix is a major complication that can lead to peritonitis. Therefore, proper nursing intervention is important in order to reduce the severity of Marks condition. The main priorities of the nurse in such a condition are prevention of complications, promote comfort, and give the details of the information related to the surgical procedure, treatment requirements and the complications associated with this condition (Butcher et al., 2013). In this case the nursing management will involve relieving goal, anxiety reduction, controlling and prevention of the fluid volume deficit, elimination of the infection caused by the disruption in the GI tract and attaining most favorable nutrition. The various theories of development provide a structural framework in order to think about the growth, development and learning. As discussed by Barnes Rowe (2013), the developmental theories give a base to understand the set of guiding concepts and principles which explains the human development. The understandings of theories are very important since the nursing practice is directly responsible for assuring physical, cognitive and moral development in the patients. Every child passes through certain predictable stages of development as they move towards adulthood. There are various theories based on the development of human beings. Piaget termed the stage of the school going children as concrete operational stage. Depending on the age it can be concluded that Mark, belongs to this stage. According to Piaget, the school age children are capable of identifying concrete solutions to any complications or problems and thus, they can discover the impact of such complications on relationships (Haley Stott, 2013). In regards to the case of Mark, he was able to identify his problems and the sympathetic approach towards him after the surgery. Due to his severe infection and surgery he experienced chronic pain. As a nurse one should therefore be aware of the age before initiation with the nursing intervention. As a pediatric nurse, she should understand the thought process of Mark and the emotional disturbance caused due to his condition. In response to this stimulation activities which are meaningful and appropriate should be designed. Presence of the parents for an eight years old child is more important that experiencing of strangers should be prioritized. The duty of a pediatric nurse is not only to monitor Marks clinical outcomes, medication, preventions of spreading of infection due to nosocomial infection, providing proper diet, but also to make certain explain them the details of their treatment, provide them with story books, offering of manipulative toys and show sympathy and care in order to promote his cognitive health ("Child, adolescent and family nursing (Book, 2012) [WorldCat.org]", 2016). Another theory, related to human growth and development is Kohlbergs theory of moral development. According to this theory, a school age child enters into the conventional development stage (Hockenberry Wilson, 2014). One of the most striking characteristics of children of this age is that these children have trouble related to self-care measures when they are away from the guidance of either their parents or nurse. Therefore, as a nurse it is very important to take proper decision based on the need of the child. Evidences reflect the fact that a moral and positive moral can speed up the curing process. Therefore it becomes necessary for the pediatric nurse to take proper and situational decision related Marks treatment process. In addition to this she should also keep in mind to integrate the child in the decision making process to boost up his moral. There are two determinants that can aid in identifying the pattern of an individuals development. The two determinants are nature and nurture. According to Johnson (2013), nurses can relate the concept of self-efficacy in teaching children and his families. Plan a teaching project for these children to foster healthy life style. In terms of the sick children their needs may cause the parents to withdraw them from the social world in order to focus on child care. The member of the multidisciplinary team especially nurses can help promoting family resilience. Family centered approach aids in offering mental, emotional and practical support to the parents adapting to the childs illness. In case of Mark, such an approach can provide help to support his family members (Banazadeh et al., 2015). As a key member of the multidisciplinary team caring for Mark with appendectomy operation and peritonitis and his family, the nurse can develop a therapeutic, long-standing relationship in the next 10 days of the childs stay in the hospital. The family-centered approach will involve parents in caring through information and providing education to combat with the stress and anxiety associated with their childs condition. Therefore, the pediatric nurses should possess extensive communication, teaching and management skills. The healthcare professionals involved in the caring for the child and family should adapt a holistic approach of treatment during the stay in the hospital, in order to assure proper care provided to the child. According to Bowlby, hospitalization can cause mental scars on children significantly due to the separation of the child from his or her parents. Studies and evidences confirmed the advantages of admitting the parents in the children ward (Alavi et al., 2015). The outcome of the studies reflects positive results on the distress level. Moreover, hospitalization is associated with psychological and emotional distress due to the routine procedure for the child as well as the parents. In this case study, Mark is not adapted to the routine treatment procedure and the clinical environment. Therefore, it is important for a pediatric nurse to understand the emotional stress of the child and his parents and educate them to cope up with the clinical settings. Moreover, in order to preser ve and help Mark to adapt with his physical and environmental change, it is necessary for the nurse to show friendly gestures, sympathy and empathy during the treatment procedure (Banazadeh et al., 2015). Appendicitis is one of the common disorders if diagnosed in the initial stage, can be treated but if the condition is not treated in the initial stages can lead to complications such as Mark, who suffered from appendicitis and during his operation gangrenous perforated appendix with peritonitis was observed. In such a condition a childs physical, mental and cognitive development are hampered. Therefore, a pediatric nurse should be aware of the effect of hospitalization on the child and his family. Depending upon several developmental theories, care should be given to the child for improving his health condition. Reference List: Alavi, A., Bahrami, M., Zarghamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Boroujeni, A., Yousefy, A. (2015). Characteristics of caring selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ efficacy in pediatric nurses: A qualitative study.Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing,20(3), 157-164. Ball, J. W., Bindler, R. M., Cowen, K. J. (2012).Principles of pediatric nursing: Caring for children. Pearson. Banazadeh, M., Azizzadeh Foroozy, M., Iranmanesh, S. (2015). Assessment of Barriers in providing end of life care to terminally ill pediatric patients from the perspective of nursing staff.Journal of Pediatric Nursing,1(2), 74-85. Barnes, M., Rowe, J. (2013).Child, youth and family health: Strengthening communities. Elsevier Health Sciences. Brker, M. E., van Lieshout, E. M., van der Elst, M., Stassen, L. P., Schepers, T. (2012). Discriminating between simple and perforated appendicitis. Journal of Surgical Research, 176(1), 79-83. Butcher, H. K., Bulechek, G. M., Dochterman, J. M. M., Wagner, C. (2013).Nursing interventions classification (NIC). Elsevier Health Sciences. Chen, C. Y., Chen, Y. C., Pu, H. N., Tsai, C. H., Chen, W. T., Lin, C. H. (2012). Bacteriology of acute appendicitis and its implication for the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Surgical infections, 13(6), 383-390. Child, adolescent and family nursing (Book, 2012) [WorldCat.org]. (2016).Worldcat.org. Retrieved 11 September 2016, from https://www.worldcat.org/title/child-adolescent-and-family-nursing/oclc/776539269 Haley, C., Stott, A. (Eds.). (2013).Pillitteri's Child and Family Health Nursing in Australia and New Zealand. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D. (2014).Wong's nursing care of infants and children. Elsevier Health Sciences. Johnson, R. L. (2013). Nursing Care of the Child with Hematologic Disorders. Markar, S. R., Blackburn, S., Cobb, R., Karthikesalingam, A., Evans, J., Kinross, J., Faiz, O. (2012). Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis in children. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 16(10), 1993-2004. Perry, S. E., Hockenberry, M. J., Lowdermilk, D. L., Wilson, D. (2014).Maternal child nursing care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Schietroma, M., Piccione, F., Carlei, F., Clementi, M., Bianchi, Z., Vita, F. D., Amicucci, G. (2012). Peritonitis from perforated appendicitis: stress response after laparoscopic or open treatment. The American Surgeon, 78(5), 582-590.